EGLAGEMANS, de A. Cascellio, Leid. 1823. SWZIMMERN, Gesch. d. PRechts 1, 1. 299. HEDIRKSEN, hinterlass. Schrr. 2, 435.

5. L. Valerius iureconsultus, ex domesticis atque intimis familiaribus of Cicero (fam. 3, 1, 3 of a. 702/52), witty like his contemporary and colleague Trebatius (ib. 1, 10), and as it seems a native of Apulia (Apuliam tuam, ib. of a. 700/54). Not improbably he is meant ib. 7, 11, 2 (a. 701/53, in a letter to Trebatius): si diutius frustra afueris, non modo Laberium sed etiam sodalem nostrum Valerium pertimesco. mira enim persona induci potest Britannici iureconsulti; whence we cannot conclude with certainty that he actually wrote mimi (§ 8, 1. 3). It may be that he is the Valerius (cf. § 147, 1) who is mentioned as a commentator on the twelve Tables (§ 86, 6). Cf. § 199, 2.

6. POMPON. dig. 1, 2, 2, 44 (cf. § 174, 5) ab hoc (Ser. Sulpicio, § 174, 2) plurimi profecerunt, fere tamen hi libros conscripserunt Pacuvius Labeo Antistius (MOMMSEN Omits Ant.) Labeonis Antistii (§ 265, 1) pater. On the praenomen of his father (Pacuvius) see MHERTZ on PRISCIAN. GL. 2, 384 and JJ. 91, 215. The same is intended in GELL. 5, 21, 10 prima epistula (of Sinnius Capito) scripta est ad Pacuvium Labeonem, He was one of the plotters of Caesar's murder, † 712/42. Cf. APPIAN. b. c. 4, 135 (ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ γνώριμος). PRE. 12, 1163, 21.

208. Q. Aelius Tubero wrote a historical work extending to his own time; he was also an orator, but especially esteemed as a writer on Jurisprudence. In point of formal perfection, he was in the last mentioned branch surpassed by P. Alfenus Varus of Cremona (cos. 715/39). The jurist C. Aelius Gallus touched upon the department of the grammarians in drawing up a list of legal terms with explanations. C. Matius, a knight and intimate friend of Caesar and Augustus, took interest in literature and himself wrote-though only on gastronomy.

1. POMPON. dig. 1, 2, 2, 46 post hos (Ofilius, Trebatius) quoque (Q. acc. to MOMMSEN) Tubero fuit, qui Ofilio operam dedit; fuit autem patricius (prius patronus? the Aelii were Plebeians) et transiit a causis agendis ad ius civile, maxime postquam (end of 708/46) Q. Ligarium accusavit nec obtinuit apud C. Caesarem. Tubero doctissimus quidem habitus est iuris publici et privati et complures utriusque operis libros reliquit; sermone tamen antiquo usus affectavit scribere et ideo parum libri eius grati habentur. The other works of T. were also in archaic style. QUINTILIAN had read his accusation of Ligarius (10, 1, 23. 11, 1, 80 cf. 78. 5, 13, 20. 31). GELL. 14, 2, 20 mentions among his juridical writings (praecepta Aelii Tuberonis) super officio i udicis, whence probably ib. 14, 7, 13 in libro IX Tuberonem dicere ait (cf. ib. 14, 8, 2). Tubero's views are quoted dig. 32, 29, 4. 33, 6, 7 pr. (Ofilius, Cascellius, Tubero). 33, 10, 7, 1. 2. PHSAAYMANS VADER, de Q. Aelio Tub. eiusque in pandectis fragmentis, Leid. 1824. He is mentioned as a historian (Tovßépwv Altos, which should not be understood of his father, see § 172, 8) by DIONYS. 1, 80 who calls him daròs ἀνὴρ καὶ περὶ τὴν συναγωγὴν τῆς ἱστορίας ἐπιμελής; cf. ib. 1, 7 and Liv. 4, 23, 1 (Val. Antias et Q. Tubero). Tubero lib. XIV historiarum quoted by NONIUS 481. His work extended from the oldest time down to at least the beginning of the war between Pompey and Caesar. For the citations from it see HPETER'S hist. rell. 1, 311; fragm. 199. He seems to be the Q. Tubero quoted by Pliny as an authority for b. 2, 18 (cf. ib. 18, 235 and SCHOL. GERMAN. p. 132 Br.) and 36. GELL. 6, 9, 11 Aelium

quoque Tuberonem libro ad C. Oppium scripto. 'occecurrit' dixisse Probus adnotavit. PRE. 12, 336, 7. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, cccLv.

2. SUETON. Galb. 3 avus (of the Emperor Galba, who was born Dec. 24, 751/3) clarior studiis quam dignitate (non enim egressus praeturae gradum) multiplicem nec incuriosam historiam edidit. PLUT. Romul. 17 ὡς Ιόβας φησὶ Γάλβαν Σουλπίκιον ioтopeîv. OROS. 5, 23 fuisse tunc (a. 678/76) Pompeio XXX milia peditum Galba scribit, Sertorium autem LX m. ped. habuisse commemorat. He is probably also referred to by PLIN. NH. ind. auct. to b. 36 C. Galba. The opinion advanced by GIVossius de hist. lat. 1, 18 (also maintained by GFUNGER, Abh. d. bayr. Ak. 16, 1, 154), that this Sulpicius Galba should be identified with Sulpicius Blitho (§ 172, 7), is improbable. HPETER, hist. rell. CCCLXVII. fragm. 237.

3. P. Alfenus Varus; on the praenomen P. see HENZEN, CIL. 1, 467. РомPON dig. 1, 2, 2, 44 ex his auditoribus (of Ser. Sulpicius, § 174, 2) plurimum auctoritatis habuit Alfenus Varus ex quibus Varus et consul fuit (suff. a. 715/39). He is probably identical with the Alfenus mentioned in Catullus (30); perhaps also the Varus of the same author (10, 22); see MHAUPT. op. 1, 97. AKIESSLING, commentt. Mommsen. 354; cf. however § 213, 4. Again, he is probably the same Varus who attended Siron's philosophical lectures together with Vergil (§ 224, 3. SCHOL. VERON. On Verg. ecl. 7, 9. SERV. on ecl. 6, 13. Aen. 6, 264), and the Alfenus Varus who was Octavianus' legate a. 714/40, and promised (ecl. 6) to protect Vergil's estate near Mantua (cf. ecl. 9, 27), and identical with the Alfenus vafer in HoR. sat. 1, 3, 130, who omni abiecto instrumento artis clausaque taberna yet (potentialiter) sutor erat, on which PORPHYRIO: urbane Alfenum Varum Cremonensem deridet, qui abiecta sutrina quam in municipio suo exercuerat Romam petiit magistroque usus Sulpicio icto ad tantum dignitatis pervenit ut et consulatum gereret et publico funere efferretur. GELLIUS 7, 5, 1 Alfenus ictus, Ser. Sulpicii discipulus rerumque antiquarum non incuriosus, in libro digestorum XXXIV, coniectaneorum autem I1o (on these two titles see LMERCKLIN, Phil. 19, 653). Dig. 3, 5, 20 pr. apud Alfenum libro XXXVIIIo digestorum. According to the Florent. Index, there were altogether 40 books of his Digesta, a collection of responsa (of Serv. Sulpicius, HEIMBACH, Z. f. RGesch. 2, 340. MOMMSEN on dig. 19, 2, 27) transferred by Aufidius Namusa to his collection (§ 174, 5). The editors of the Digesta of Justinian only knew and made use of the work of Alfenus in two epitomes, the one by Paulus (§ 377, 4: Alfeni digesta a Paulo epitomata, Pauli epitomae Alfeni digestorum) following the original arrangement of the work, the other by an anonymous writer, who adhered to the arrangement of the edictum perpetuum (Alfeni digesta). Cf. OLENEL, palingenesia iur. civ. 37. Of some importance is the lengthy extract dig. 5, 1, 76, as it attests the writer's philosophical training (quod, ut philosophi dicerent, ex particulis minimis consisteremus); other fragments show an acquaintance with Greek, and nearly all are in a simple and easy style. EOTTO, P. Alfenus Varus in Thesaur. iur. rom. 5, 1631. SWZIMMERN, Gesch. d. PRechts 1, 1, 295. EHUSCHKE, Z. f. gesch. Rechtsw. 15, 187 (who, in the corrupt reading Alfenus Varus Gaius in POMPONIUS 1.1., is inclined to change the last word into Catus). PRE. 1a, 768, 3.

4. GELL. 16, 5, 3 C. Aelius Gallus in libro de significatione verborum quae ad ius civile pertinent secundo (a definition of vestibulum)=MACR. 6, 8, 16, who merely adds vir doctissimus. Dig. 50, 16, 157 C. Aelius Gallus libro I de verborum quae ad ius civile pertinent significatione (a definition of paries and via). An abbreviated title ap. SERV. georg. 1, 264 Aelius Gallus de verbis ad ius civile pertinentibus vallos appellat; and FESTUS 218 postliminium receptum Gallus Aelius in libro primo signifi

cationum quae ad ius pertinent ait esse eum qui etc.: 273a reus nunc dicitur qui causam dicit... at Gallus Aelius libro II significationum verborum quae ad ius pertinent ait: reus est qui etc. 302b saltum Gallus Aelius l. II significationum quae ad ius pertinent ita definit; 352 flumen recte dici ait Aelius Gallus libro II quae ad ius pertinent. The quotations never exceed the second book, and FESTUS 352, 5 (nota> vit Aelius in XII (tabulis) significare) relates to Aelius Stilo (§ 148, 2); see RSCHÖLL, de legis XII tabb. reliqq. 29. Perhaps the arrangement was alphabetical. "Aelius Gallus" or "Gallus Aelius" is quoted by Festus 19 times besides the quotations already given. This extensive use as well as the combination of nunc and at Gallus Aelius p. 273a show that Gallus' work was employed by Verrius Flaccus. Gallus Aelius in Gaius dig. 22, 1, 19 pr.; C. Aelius in PRISCIAN. GL. 2, 382, 1 (see LACHMANN, kl. Schr. 2, 248). CWEHEIMBACH, C. Aelii Galli Icti fragmenta rec. et illustr., Lps. 1823. EHUSCHKE, iurisprud. anteiust.5 94. PRE. 1a, 337.

5. C. Matius, born c. 670/84, the faithful friend of Caesar, especially adapted by his mild and sober manner to his mediating position, though he did not enter into political factions or public business. He transferred his love for Caesar to Octavianus, and seems to have died as late as a. 750/4; see PLIN. NH. 12, 13 primus C. Matius ex equestri ordine, divi Augusti amicus, invenit nemora tonsilia intra hos LXXX annos. EVLEUTSCH, ZfAW. 1834, 164. PRE. 4, 1643. CIC. fam. 7, 15, 2 (a. 701/53) C. Matii, suavissimi doctissimique hominis. 11, 27, 5 (a. 710/44) ut haec φιλοσοφούμενα scriberem tu me impulisti omnia me tua delectant, sed maxime maxima cum fides in amicitia ... tum lepos, humanitas, litterae. Apollodoros of Pergamon dedicated his Ars (manual of Rhetoric) to him; QUINT. 3, 1, 18. A letter to Cicero (fam. 11, 28, of a. 710/44) is a faithful reflection of his noble disposition and fine culture. A letter addressed to Cicero by Matius aud Trebatius together (a. 704/49) is found ad Att. 9, 15 A. His work on gastronomy was probably written under Augustus (cf. § 54, 3), and his interest in such subjects is significant of his inoffensive character and love of refined enjoyment. Minutal Matianum (hachis à la Matius) was named after him, APIC. 4, 174, also the mala Matiana. COLUM. 5, 10, 19. 12, 45, 5. PLIN. NH. 15, 49 and elsewhere.

209. Among the other adherents of Caesar several may be mentioned either as orators or writers of letters still extant: e.g. the talented, but dissipated C. Scribonius Curio (trib. pleb. 704/50), Q. Cornificius, the triumvir M. Antony (671/83-724/30) and L. Balbus. Men of wavering political opinions were the clever M. Caelius Rufus and the unprincipled L. Munatius Plancus (cos. 711/42); C. Furnius, who was legate to the latter for a long time, was also an orator, and likewise the young L. Sempronius Atratinus (cos. 720/34), Q. Volusius, Annius Cimber, and also by Hortensia there was in the 1st century of the Christian era a published speech extant.

1. VELLEI. 2, 48, 3 C. Curio trib. pl. (704/50; son of the Curio mentioned § 153, 6; 705/49) eloquens, audax, suae alienaeque et fortunae et pudicitiae prodigus, homo ingeniosissime nequam et facundus malo publico. PRE. 6. 880, 11. For the date of his birth see a conjecture below, n. 5. His character as an orator is given by Cic. Brut. 230 ita facile soluteque verbis volvebat satis interdum acutas, crebras quidem certe sententias ut nihil posset ornatius esse, nihil expeditius. atque hic

parum a magistris institutus naturam habuit admirabilem ad dicendum; industriam non sum expertus; studium certe fuit. There were speeches by him in existence in the time of Tacitus: see dial. 37 (§ 171, 5). MEYER, orat. rom.2 p. 481. Letters from Cic. to him fam. 2, 1-7 (of a. 701/53 and 703/51).

2. HIERON. ad. Eus. Chron. a. Abr. 1976-713/41 Cornificius poeta a militibus desertus interiit. . . huius soror Cornificia, cuius insignia exstant epigrammata. Chronological reasons oblige us to identify him with Q. Cornificius, the quaestor of Caesar (propraetor 706/48), who fell in Africa fighting against T. Sextius; he was also on friendly terms with Cicero, who addressed to him fam. 12, 17-30 in 709/45-711/43; see DRUMANN, GR. 2, 617. PRE. 2, 710, 3. Cicero somewhat pointedly (fam. 12, 18, 1) places him among the magni oratores and (ib. 12, 17, 2) recommends his Orator to his kind reception: in quo saepe suspicatus sum te ab iudicio nostro, sic scilicet ut doctum hominem ab non indocto, paullulum dissidere. ib. 12, 20 me amabis et scripto aliquo lacesses. He is no doubt identical with the poetical friend of Catullus (c. 38), who wrote erotic poems (leve Cornifici.. opus, OVID. trist. 2, 436), whence a hendecasyllabic line in MACR. 6, 4, 12 and a fragment of dactylic metre (perhaps from an epic) ib. 6, 5, 13 (Cornificius in Glauco). Cf. § 233, 3 ad fin. LSCHWABE, quaest. Catull. 298. It is doubtful whether Cornificius in primo de etymis deorum (PRISC. GL. 2, 257, 6) should be understood of him: from this MACR. 1, 9, 11 (Cornificius Etymorum libro III) quotes curious derivations of the names of gods and a citation of Cic. de nat. deor. 1, 17, 9. 33. 62. 1, 23, 2. Other quotations in FEST, 123, 166, 170, 194, 282 and in other places in SERVIUS, LACTANTIUS etc. It is incomprehensible how Cornificius could find time or thought for these works in Syria and Africa, during the years 709/45 and 713/41. These writings should rather be attributed to a grammarian of the same name in the Augustan period, perhaps to that Cornificius Gallus whose somewhat pedantic epigram on Vergil is quoted by CLEDONIUS, GL. 5, 43, 2: ordea qui dixit (ge. 1, 210) superest ut tritica dicat. THBERGK, Op. 1, 545. JBECKER, ZAW. 1847, 1060.

ea

3. The triumvir M. Antony, see DRUMANN, GR. 1, 64. PRE. 12, 1174. Possessing a defective education, he often fell in his speeches into a false kind of pathos and became turgid, obscure and faulty (SUET. Aug. 86 M. Antonium scribentem quae mirentur potius homines quam intellegant; cf. Cic. Phil. 2, 101. 3, 21 sq. Att. 10, 8 sq. 11, 3 sq.). It would perhaps be too much to call him on that account an adherent of the Asiatic school (PLUT. Ant. 2. 43 cf. SUET. 1.1.). His letters to Cicero of a. 705/49 (Att. 10, 8 A. 10, 10, 2) and 710/44 (14, 13 A.; cf. also Cic. or. Phil. 8, 25 sqq. 13, 22 sqq.) are in a natural style. PLIN. NH. 14, 148 M. Antonio. is enim . . . avidissime adprehenderat hanc palmam (capacity for drinking), edito etiam volumine de sua ebrietate . . . exiguo tempore ante proelium actiacum id volumen evomuit (cf. DRUMANN, GR. 1, 516. SCHELLE 1.1. 2). To this, as well as to his correspondence with Octavian (specimens of which are given by SUETONIUS, e.g. Aug. 69), relates OVID ex Pont. 1, 1, 23 Antoni scripta leguntur. ESCHELLE, de M. Antoni triumviri quae supersunt epp. I, Frankenb. i. S. 1883.

4. ASINIUS POLLIO writes to Cicero (fam. 10, 32, 3 a. 711/43) Balbus quaestor ludis (which he caused to be given at Gades) praetextam de suo itinere ad L. Lentulum procos. sollicitandum (705/49 to get him to leave Pompey and return to Rome, Att. 8, 9, 4. 8, 11, 5. 8, 15 A, 2. 9, 6, 1. Vellei. 2, 51, 3) posuit. et quidem cum ageretur flevit, memoria rerum gestarum commotus. ib. 5 praetextam (of B.) si voles legere, Gallum Cornelium (§ 232), familiarem meum, poscito. See WELCKER, gr. Trag. 1402. RIBBECK, röm. Trag. 625; röm. Dicht. 1, 194. This Balbus is the one called Balbus minor to distinguish him from his uncle (§ 197, 4) L. Cornelius P. f.

75

1

Balbus, whose life extended far into the Augustan period (he certainly was living 741/18), who was cos. suff. 722/32 and who triumphed a. 735/19 as proconsul ex Africa; DRUMANN, GR. 2, 608. PRE. 2, 694. According to VELLEI. 1.1. he likewise ad pontificatum adsurrexit and had a literary turn, whence it is not impossible that he is the Cornelius Balbus quoted by SERV. Aen. 4, 127 on hymenaeus and to whom relates MACR. 3, 6, 26 Cornelius Balbus ¿¿nyntıkŵv libro XVIII° (cf. HPETER, hist. fragm. p. xx1).

5. M. Caelius M. f. Rufus. PLIN. NH. 7, 165 C. Mario Cn. Carbone III cos. (a. 672/82) a. d. V Kal. Iunias M. Caelius Rufus et C. Licinius Calvus eadem die geniti sunt, oratores quidem ambo, sed tam dispari eventu. But to judge from the manner in which Cicero speaks of them (Brut. 273. 279) they cannot have been quite of the same age; more probably Caelius was the elder, as according to Cic. pCael. 18 he already in 695/59 per aetatem magistratus petere potuit, and his official career agrees with this (698/56 already a member of the council of his native town Cic. Cael. 5; quaest. between 698/56-700/54, tr. pl. 702/52, aed. cur. 704/50, praet. 706/48). Hence Caelius must have been born c. 666/88. Instead of Caelius Pliny should perhaps have mentioned Curio (n. 1). His native place was a municipium of which the name is most likely concealed by some corruption of the MS. in Cic. pCael. 5. Cf. NIPPERDEY, Op. 299. KWEGEHAUPT, Cael. Ruf. 4.

6. Caelius was, as a young man, introduced by his father to Cicero and Crassus (pCael. 9. 39. 72), with whom he thus found himself in close connection. This circumstance made Cicero lenient towards Caelius' loose morals and luxurious life; he even defended him a. 698/56 (see § 179, 34) against some charges brought by Clodia (§ 214, 3), whose dissolute circle he had frequented for some time before breaking with her. During Cicero's absence in Cilicia (703/51) Caelius was his appointed correspondent at Rome: the letters (17 in number; letter 16 in duplicate; cf. Att. 10, 9 A.) are collected in the eighth book of Cic. epp. fam. Caelius exhibits in them a dashing and acute, though somewhat malicious judgment of persons and facts, though he is never quite clear in his own position; the style is lively, humorous, and original, condescending to the use of popular expressions, and not aiming at polish and elegance. Cf. § 188, 1, n. 2 and 4. On the outbreak of the Civil War, Caelius was obliged by his debts to join the camp of Caesar, who appointed him praetor in 706/48. As such he intended to introduce tabulae novae, but was deposed and soon afterwards killed. He is probably identical with the Rufus in Catullus; see LSCHWABE, quaest. Catull. 64. 85. 133 and the commentators on CAT. 69. 77. Cf. DRUMANN, GR. 2, 411. WWEGEHAUPT, das Leben d. M. Cael. Ruf., Bresl. 1878. HWIESCHHÖLTER, de M. Caelio Rufo oratore, Lpz. 1886.-FBECHER, d. Sprachgebr. d. Caelius, Ilfeld 1888. FBURG, de M. Cael. Rufi genere dicendi, Freibg. i/B. 1888.

7. On his oratorical power Cic. Brut. 273 splendida et grandis et eadem inprimis faceta et perurbana . . . oratio. graves eius contiones aliquot fuerunt (also 704/50 as aedile de aquis, FRONTIN. aq. 76; from this a fragm. GL. 5, 590, 21), acres accusationes tres (directed against C. Antonius 695/59, L. Sempronius Atratinus the father, iterum, 698/56; a. 703/51 against Q. Pompeius Rufus, and also in his character of patronus of the peregrinus Pausanias, plaintiff in a case of extortion), defensiones (esp. 698/56 pro se against Atratinus, also pro Saufeio 702/52) . sane tolerabiles. Hence QUINT. 6, 3, 69. 10, 1, 115; asperitas Caelii ib. 10, 2, 25; cf. Tac. dial. 18. 21 (sordes verborum, hians compositio, inconditi sensus). 25 (amarior). He seems to have followed the Atticists in preference to Cicero's style, though Cicero had taught him the principles of rhetoric in his youth (n. 6). VELLEI. 2, 68, 1 M. Caelius, vir eloquio animoque Curioni (n. 1) simillimus, sed in utroque perfectior, nec minus

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