descripsit quid aquarum publicis operibus, quid lacibus, quid privatis daretur. ib. 99 qui ex commentariis Agrippae aquas haberent.

Agrippam quidem in tanta

12. Map of the World: PLIN. NH. 3, 17 viri diligentia praeterque in hoc opere cura, cum orbem terrarum urbi spectandum propositurus esset (also from the patriotic point of view, in illustration of the greatness of the Empire and of the services of those who had extended it), errasse quis credat et cum eo (the publisher with the author) divum Augustum? is namque complexam eum porticum ex destinatione et commentariis M. Agrippae a sorore eius incohatam peregit. From this it would appear that Agrippa left only the sketch of a chart and chorographic commentarii, but in his will enjoined his sister (Paula) to have his great map made for a public porticus (the Vipsania, cf. PLIN. NH. 6, 139. TAC. hist. 1, 31), an injunction subsequently carried out by Augustus himself. The commentarii, which are specially based on road surveys and books of travel, have been much used by PLIN. NH. (ind. auct. to b. 3-6 ex . . M. Agrippa, he is there quoted over thirty times), MELA and others, also by STRABO (see PARTSCH 1.1. 42): a collection of passages relating thereto in PHILIPPI, de tabula Peutinger., Bonn 1876 p. 30 and in RIESE's Geographi lat. p. 1-8. From these works of Agrippa are derived (though not immediately, AVGUTSCHMID, Lit. Centr.-Bl. 1877, 860) two geographical lists of names (compiled as an elucidation to school maps, at latest about a. 400) with scanty notices concerning boundaries and the size of the various countries, the Dimensuratio provinciarum (published by ESCHELSTRATE, antiq. eccl. 2, 525, AMAI, class. auct. 3, 410, ESCHWEDER, Beiträge zur Chorogr. des Aug. 1, 6 and RIESE, geogr. lat. 9) and the so-called Divisio orbis (published by SCHWEDER 1.1. and Riese 1.1. 15), which again has been largely used by Dicuil (§ 453, 5). Cf. also n. 13.—Agrippa's map was no doubt reproduced in various parts of the Empire: it is probably of such a copy, intended for Augustodunum (Autun), that we read in EUMENIUS pro instaur. schol. 20 a. 296: videat in illis porticibus iuventus et quotidie spectet omnes terras et cuncta maria si quidem. . . illic instruendae pueritiae causa nibus suis locorum situs spatia intervalla descripta sunt etc. ib. 21 nunc demum iuvat orbem spectare depictum. The tabula Peutingeriana also is indirectly derived from Agrippa's model (§ 412, 6). Cf. HBAZIN, rev. d'archéol. 1887 2, 325 on an inscr. taken from a geographical monument: audi, viator; si libet, intus veni; tabula est aena quae te cuncta perdocet.

omnium cum nomi

13. That Agrippa was commissioned by Augustus to undertake a geographical survey of the whole Empire, and as a result of this produced the map and commentarii, is unlikely and cannot be proved. The statements in the so-called Divisio p. 14 R.: orbem divus Augustus primus per chorographiam ostendit and ISIDORUS 5, 36, 4 Augustus Romanum orbem descripsit assume too much. Augustus' breviarium totius imperii and discriptio regionum Italiae (§ 220, 4; see also below § 344, 4 the passage from the liber col. p. 239) rather served administrative and financial purposes; see also Detlefsen, comment. Mommsen. 33. So did the survey of the Empire ordered by Augustus and carried on during some 20 years by four Greeks; our only evidence for this is Julius Honorius and the pretended Aethicus in RIESE, geogr. lat. p. 21 and 72. Meanwhile Agrippa naturally had the geographical materials, which these undertakings brought to light, at his command for those works which were founded principally on the measured distances on the roads. FRITSCHL, Op. 3, 743. CHPETERSEN, RhM. 8, 161. 377. 9, 85. 422. KMÜLLENHOFF, d. Weltkarte u. Chorographie des August, Kiel 1856 (and AVGUTSCHMID, RhM. 12, 619); Herm. 9, 182. JPARTSCH, d. Darst. Europas in dem geogr. Werke des Agr., Bresl. 1875. ESCHWEDER, Beitr. z. Kritik R. L.

E E

316

53

d. Chorogr. des Aug., Kiel 1876. 78. 83 III; die Concordanz der Chorographien des Pompon. Mela und des Plin., Kiel 1879. RIESE's proleg. to the geogr. Lat. p. vii. DDETLEFSEN, Unterss. z. d. geogr. Büchern d. Plin. 1: d. Weltkarte des M. Agrippa, Glückst. 1884. FPHILIPPI, z. Reconstruct. der Weltk. d. Agr., Marb. 1880; in the hist. researches for ASchäfer 239.

14. Agrippa wrote an autobiography. PHILARGYR. on Verg. georg. 2, 162 Agrippa in secundo vitae suae dicit excogitasse se ut ex Lucrino lacu portum faceret. Cf. PLIN. NH. 7, 148 (Augusti) Philippensi proelio morbidi fuga et triduo in palude aegroti et, ut fatentur Agrippa et Maecenas (n. 8) aqua subter cutem fusa turgidi latebra. 36, 121 adicit ipse (Agrippa) aedilitatis suae (721/33) commemoratione etc. -PSFRANDSEN, M. Vipsanius Agrippa, eine hist. Unters., Altona 1836. DVLAKERENMATTHES, de Agr. meritis, Amsterd. 1840. JHvЕcê, quaestt. hist. de A., Leiden 1842. APREUNER, PRE. 12, 599. AFMOTTE, sur M. Agrippa, Ghent 1872.

221. Next to these leading men, Asinius Pollio and Valerius Messalla were in the Augustan period the most prominent on account of their past career and position among their contemporaries. C. Asinius Pollio (a. 678/76–758/5 A.D.), who in the Civil Wars exerted himself for Caesar and Antony, fell out with the latter without going over to Octavianus, then retreated from political life, supported science and art with great magnificence and devoted himself to literature. At first he wrote tragedies, then a history of the Civil Wars after the first triumvirate. But he was principally an orator: both in this capacity and as a writer he affected antique severity, and when his sphere as an orator was restricted, he found a substitute in the public recitations. By keeping aloof from politics this hard, strong-willed man contrived to maintain his peculiar position as well as a nominal independence, while within the domain of literature he was a very severe critic, by way of compensation for his lack of political influence.

1. C. Asinius Cn. f. Pollio (on the mode of spelling Pollio or Polio see e.g. LACHMANN on Lucr. 1, 313; RITSCHL, PM. p. 81; op. 3, 249. 5, 771), born 678/76, prosecuted C. Cato (in his 22nd year, Tac. dial. 34) a. 700/54, praetor 709/45, cos. 714/40. As consul he fought against the Parthines and Dalmatians; capture of Salonae (Spalato) and his triumph ex Parthineis a. d. VIII Kal. Nov. 715/39 (act. tr., CIL. 1, p. 461. 478. HOR. c. 2, 1, 16). Having subsequently fallen out with Antony (CHARIS. GL. 1, 80 Asinius contra maledicta Antonii), Asinius thought too well of himself to join Octavianus (who was much junior to him) or to submit to him (VELL. 2, 86, 3), and until his death he held aloof from him without open opposition or real submission. HIERON. ad Euseb. chron., a. Abr. 2020 = 758/5 a.D. Asinius Pollio orator et consularis, qui de Dalmatis triumphaverat, LXXX aetatis suae anno in villa Tusculana moritur. This is confirmed by SEN. contr. 4, praef. 5, according to which passage Pollio was alive A.D. 4, and TAC. dial. 17 Asinius paene ad extremum (Augusti principatum) duravit. KNIPPERDEY, op. 288. On the first public library, which he founded and decorated with the portraits of celebrated authors (PLIN. NH. 35, 10): § 219, 21. He also admitted

the public to his art-collections (PLIN. NH. 36, 33). On the recitations introduced by him see § 219, 25.410

.

.

1245

2. The poems of Pollio. His relations with Catullus (CAT. 12) and Cinna 388 (§ 213, 31. 20); with Horace (n. 3). Carmina Sophocleo digna cothurno, i.e. tragedies, either written or about to be written at the time of Vergil's ecl. 8, 10 (a. 715/39), cf. ib. 3, 86 (Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina). HOR. Sat. 1, 10, 42 sq. (c. a. 718/36) Pollio regum facta canit pede ter percusso (in iambic trimeters). c. 2, 1, 9 (a. 724/30 or 725/29, paulum severae Musa tragoediae desit theatris, while Asinius was writing his history of the Civil Wars. That Asinius actually published tragedies appears from Tac. dial. 21 Asinius videtur mihi inter Menenios et Appios studuisse; Pacuvium certe et Accium non solum tragoediis sed etiam orationibus suis expressit: adeo durus et siccus est. That they were acted is indicated by the expression theatris used by HoR. 1.1., but we are without further information concerning them. There seems to be an error in SERV. Verg. ecl. 8, 10 alii ideo hoc de Pollione dictum volunt quod et ipse utriusque linguae tragoediarum scriptor fuit. Asinius wrote also erotic poetry, according to PLIN. ep. 5, 3, 5 So (above § 31, 1), cf. 7,4, 4. Out of all these poems there has only been preserved the 134 fragment in CHARIS. GL. 1, 100, 24 Polio' Veneris antistita Cuprus.' Cf. FHARDER, JJ. 137, 368.

41

3. History of the Civil Wars from the first triumvirate (a. 694/60, Metello consule, HOR. c. 2, 1, 1) and as it seems simply called historiae (SEN. suas. 6, 15 Pollio in historiis suis; ib. 6, 25 in historiis eius and ne historias eius legere concupiscatis; cf. VAL. MAX. 8, 13 ext. 4). It treated of the battle of Pharsalus (SUET. 14 Iul. 30 and elsewhere), of that of Thapsus, of Cato's death (HOR. c. 2, 1, 24 sqq.), of 24 the war in Spain (SUET. Iul. 55), Cicero's death (SEN. Suas. 6, 24) and perhaps also (vid. inf.) of the battle of Philippi (cf. TAC. ann. 4, 34 Asinii Pollionis scripta egregiam eorundem-Cassius and Brutus-memoriam tradunt). There are no quotations relating to the broils between Octavianus and M. Antony; this may indeed be due to mere chance, but it is also possible that Asinius looked upon the history of that period as periculosae plenum opus aleae (HOR. c. 2, 1, 6) and therefore decided not to include it, and finished with a. 712/42 or a still earlier date: this is confirmed by the work being designated in Suidas (see below) as a narrative of the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. The statement of Suidas (see below), that the work comprised 17 books, might well be explained by the supposition that the volumes and years coincided with each other, the narrative reaching from the middle of 694/60-710/44, that is, to the death of Caesar. As b. 1 contained the introduction and the second half of a. 694/60, so b. 17 would contain the beginning of a. 710/44, and would close with a passing survey (in which would be the eulogy of Cicero, Brutus and Cassius, see above) of the most recent times. According to HOR. c. 2, 1-8. 17 Asinius was at work on his historiae about the year 724/30 or 725/29. The passage in PRISC. GL. 2, 386, 9 Asinius cuius experta virtus bello Germaniae traducta ad custodiam Illyrici est' cannot, if the name Asinius is correct, refer to Tiberius, as is generally supposed, as he was not sent to Illyria until 760/7, after the death of Asinius (PRE. 6, 1934). The third book is quoted by VAL. MAX. 8, 13 ext. 4 Asinius Pollio, non 4 of mini na pars romani stili, in tertio historiarum libro. The wording of the work was not rhetorical (see SEN. suas. 6, 25 adfirmare vobis possum nihil esse in Asinii historiis eius hoc quem rettuli loco-concerning Cicero, see above-disertius): Ateius (§ 211, 1) in the praecepta de ratione scribendi, which he gave Asinio historiam componere aggresso, had advised him successfully ut noto civilique et proprio sermone

164

256

utatur (see also n. 4). The fragments in HPETER, hist. fr. 262 (the only considerable fragment is the judgment on Cicero, § 176, 1). PLIN. NH. ind. auct. b. 7 ex .. Asinio Pollione, These historiae of As. were used by Plutarch in his Life of Caesar and by Appian de bell. civ., see JAWIJNNE, de fide et auctor. Appiani in bell. civ., Gron. 1855. FEYSSENHARDT, JJ. 85, 757. HPETER, die Quellen Plutarchs, Halle 1865, 124; JJ. 119, 420. PBAILLEU, quomodo App. in b. c. 1. II-V usus sit Asinii historiis, Gött. 1874. GTHOURET, Leipz. Studien 1, 324. Cf. also CWICHMANN, de Plut. Antonii et Bruti fontibus, Bonn 1874. SUIDAS' two articles on Ασίνιος Πωλίων 'Ρωμαῖος (1, 786 ed. Bernh.) and on Πωλίων, ὁ ̓Ασίνιος χρηματίσας, Tpaλiavós (2, 2, 387) are full of errors (concerning which see various criticisms in TEUFFEL, PRE. 12, 1868, 25. HPETER, JJ. 119, 422. THOURET 1.1. HFLACH, RhM. 36, 316). According to these the consul Asinius Pollio would have written the first history of Greece in Latin (πρῶτος Ἑλληνικὴν ἱστορίαν ̔Ρωμαϊκῶς συνεγράψατο, which is manifestly an error and must rest on a confusion (AVGUTSCHMID, RhM. 36, 316 supposes a confusion with Pompeius Trogus); again we read of the same Α. Ρ.: ἱστορίας Ρωμαϊκὰς συνέταξεν ἐν βιβλίοις ιζ', on the other hand of Pollio of Tralles that he composed a work περὶ τοῦ ἐμφυλίου τῆς ̔Ρώμης πολέμου ὃν ἐπολέμησαν Καϊσάρ τε καὶ Πομπήιος. Here it is evident that the history of the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey belongs rather to the consul, and that it is this work which is alluded to as the 17 books iσropiai 'Pwμaïkal. GLANDGraf, Unterss. zu Caes. u. s. Fortsetzern, Erl. 1888, has made the 'important discovery' that Asinius Pollio is the author of the bell. afr. (§ 197, 7) and the reviser and publisher of the Caesar-Hirtius remains (bell. gall. VIII, bell. civ., bell. alex.): will this theory really obtain any adherents?

4. On Pollio as an orator, both judicial and political (Hor. c. 2, 1, 13), subsequently as a declaimer, see the passages in HMEYER, Orat. rom.2 p. 487-491 and FBLASS, die griech. Bereds. von Alex. 141. SEN. epist. 100, 7 compositio Pollionis Asinii salebrosa et exsiliens et ubi minime exspectes relictura. denique omnia apud Ciceronem desinunt, apud Pollionem cadunt, exceptis paucissimis quae ad certum modum et ad unum exemplar adstricta sunt. QUINT. 10, 1, 113 multa in Asinio Pollione inventio, summa diligentia, adeo ut quibusdam etiam nimia videatur, et consilii et animi satis; a nitore et iucunditate Ciceronis ita longe abest ut videri possit saeculo prior. See the account (exaggerated from the point of view of the speaker) in Tac. dial. 21 (above n. 2), cf. 25 (numerosior Asinius). But in his rhetorical displays he was floridior aliquanto (SEN. contr. 4, praef. 3) than in his judicial speeches. Specimens of them are given by the elder Seneca; a collection of the fragments of the judicial speeches in MEYER LI. 491. Among the latter the later ones are all defensive speeches. PIN. NH. praef. 31 cum diceretur Asinius Pollio orationes in eum (Plancum, § 209, 8) parare quae ab ipso aut liberis post mortem Planci ederentur etc. The accounts of his style and his opposition to Cicero (QUINT. 12, 1, 2) would characterise A. P. as an adherent of the Atticists (p. 245), from whom he is, however, distinguished by QUINT. 10, 2, 7.

5. Other prose-works by Pollio. As a philosophical writer (or penman?) Pollio is mentioned by SEN. ep. 100, 9. Asinius Pollio ad Caesarem I ap. CHARIS. GL. 1, 131, 3. Cf. n. 6. There are only three letters extant of a. 711/43, from A. P. to Cicero, Cic. fam. 10, 31-33. JHSCHMALZ, d. Sprachgebr. des A. P., in the Festschr. z. Karlsruher Philol.-Vers. 1882, 76. From CHARIS. GL. 1, 84, 5, PRISC. GL. 2, 513, 7 and others, MHAUPT, op. 2, 67, infers the existence of grammatical works by A. P. to which he assigns his literary and aesthetic opinions (see below n. 6), also CHARIS. GL. 1, 97, 11 Asinius in Valerium (i.e. Catullus, cf. § 214, 7 ad fin.). Against this see BERGK, Op. 2, 751. JSTEUP, de Prob. 71.

6. Pollio as a critic. SEN. contr. 4, praef. 3 illud strictum eius (of A. P.) et asperum et nimis iratum in censendo (so OJAHN : incendio suo in the MSS., ingenio suo KIESSLING) iudicium adeo cessabat (in the declamations of A. P.) ut in multis illi venia opus esset quae ab ipso vix impetrabatur (cf. PLIN. NH. 36, 33 Asinius Pollio fuit acris vehementiae). Some sharp criticisms on rhetoricians by As. in SEN. rhet. see ed. KIESSL. p. 532b. As his judgment on Cicero (§ 176, 1) was no doubt derived from the historiae, so the one on Caesar's commentaries (SUET. Iul. 56; see § 196, 1) appears to be derived from the same source; the censure of Cicero (Sen. suas. 6, 15) is from a speech (SEN. 1.1.) and perhaps also the one on an expression of ales in Labienus (QUINT. 9, 3, 13, cf. ib. 4, 1, 11).,, Į Besides this, see SUET. gramm. 10 Asinius Pollio in libro quo Sallustii scripta reprehendit (cf. § 206, 5). This 'liber' was possibly in the form of letters, cf. Gell. 10, 26, 1 Asinio Pollioni in quadam epistola quam ad Plancum (n. 4) scripsit dignum nota visum est quod (Sallustius) in primo historiarum etc. Cf. n. 5. This 'liber' may have contained also his criticism on Cicero's style (QUINT. 12, 1, 22) and his censure of the Paduan smack of Livy's 24, diction (QUINT. 1, 5, 56. 8, 1, 3), perhaps the rejoinder to a remark of Livy de 30, oratoribus qui verba antiqua et sordida consectantur et orationis obscuritatem severitatem putant (SEN. contr. 9, 25, 26).—In general see JRTHORBECKE, de C. A. P., Leid. 410 1820. DRUMANN, GR. 2, 2. FJACOB, A. P., Lüb. 1852. OHENDECOURT, de vita, gestis et scriptis A. P., Löwen 1858. TEUFFEL, PRE. 12, 1859. BLUZZATO, ricerche storiche su C. Asin. Poll., Padua 1867. FAAULARD, de Asin. Poll. vita et scriptis, Par. 1877. HPETER, JJ. 119, 420. JHSCHMALZ, Sprachgebr. des Asin. Poll. Munich 1890. See addenda to § 197, 7.

222. M. Valerius Messalla (a. 690/64 B.C.-761/8 A.D.) served Octavianus with fidelity and sincerity, but without debasing himself. As an orator he was on a level with Pollio, but there was somewhat of hauteur and affectation about him, and he showed the jealous pride of a member of the old nobility. He subsequently busied himself with antiquarian and grammatical investigations e.g. concerning phonetics, and here he condescended to minute philological details. In his younger days he strongly felt the tendency of his time in admiring Greek literature; he translated Greek, and himself wrote in Greek both in verse and prose (memoirs).

1. M. Valerius M. f. (of the consul 693/61; see § 171, 12. BBORGHESI, Op. 1, 407, MOмMSEN, ephem. epigr. 3, 4) Messalla Corvinus. HIERONYM. ad a, Abr. 1958-695/59 Messala Corvinus orator nascitur et T. Livius Patavinus scriptor historicus; and ad a. Abr. 2027=764/11 A.D. Messala Corvinus ante biennium quam moreretur ita memoriam (cf. PLIN. NH. 7, 90) ac sensum amisit ut vix pauca verba coniungeret, et ad extremum inedia se confecit, anno aetatis LXXII (Freherianus LXXVII). The date of his death (A.D. 11) is certainly wrong, as Ovid, who was exiled in Dec. 761/8 A.D., was still at Rome when Messalla died (OVID. Pont. 1, 7, 27-30): whence it is evident that Messalla must have died not later than 761/8. Supposing him to have been 72 years old, he must have been born a. 689/65 or 690/64, and must have been of the same age as Cicero's son (Cic. Att. 1, 2, 1), together with whom (and Horace, born end of 689/65) Messalla studied at Athens (a. 709/45 sq.). Messalla was appointed consul 1 Jan. 723/31, Cicero on the iles of September 724/30). KNIPPERDEY, op. 289. BBORGHESI, Op. 1, 408. HSCHULZ, de