year 1587 sent from Thessalonica to AStatius in Rome: 1) Galli poetae clariss. elegia in antiquo Ovidii codice reperta, sed multis in locis a tineis corrupta (=914 R.). 2) versus quattuor sine authore et titulo (915). 3) carmen imperfectum, sed valde elegans ut facile ab eadem officina profertum videretur cum hoc titulo de duabus sororibus ex Illyrio' (=916), Statius having cautiously reserved his opinion, the forger appears to have brought a second thoroughly digested specimen under the notice of other writers with more success. Cf. ECHATELAIN, rev. de philol. 4, 69 ; also RIESE on the AL. 2, xXXIII. XL, not. 28.-An epigram (AL. 242 PLM. 4, 183: a petition to Augustus not to allow the Aeneid to be destroyed in spite of Vergil's will) is also attributed to Gallus in the Vatic. 1575, s. XI and in late MSS., incorrectly, as is shown by its contents; FJACOBS (anth. gr. vol. 13, p. 897) likewise incorrectly assigned to Cornelius two epigrams from the Greek anthology 5, 49. 16, 89 bearing the superscription Táλλov (perhaps more correctly Aliov Γάλλου ?).

233. Another friend of Vergil and, as it seems, a writer of elegies was Codrus (perhaps a pseudonym). The poets Bavius and Mevius were enemies of the poet. But as regards Anser, such hostility is not proved; he was an adherent of M. Antony and wrote erotic poetry.

Libethrides,

1. VERG. ecl. 7, 21 nymphae mihi carmen quale meo Codro concedite: proxima Phoebi versibus ille facit. Cf. ib. 25. 5, 11. Similarly VALGIUS says of him (Schol. Veron. Verg. ecl. 7, 22; cf. JJ. 93, 66) Codrusque ille canit quali tu voce canebas atque solet numeros dicere, Cinna, tuos; dulcior ut nunquam Pylio profluxerit ore Nestoris aut docto pectore Demodoci. See UNGER, Valg. p. xi. Idle guesses at his real name (Cornificius or Cinna or even Vergil) are given by the old commentators on the passage. The most likely suggestion would be the Roman name of Cordus. See RUNGER, Valg. 405.

2. HIERONYM. in Eus. chron. ad a. Abr. 1982=719/35 M. Bavius (the MSS. here, as frequently elsewhere, read Vavius) poeta, quem Vergilius in bucolicis notat, in Cappadocia moritur. PORPHYRIO on Hor. epod. 10, 1 hic est Mevius importunissimus poeta, quem et Vergilius cum simili contumelia nominat; and on sat. 2, 3, 239 de hoc (the son of Aesopus the actor, § 13, 4) Mevius poeta scribit. VERG. ecl. 3, 90 qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Mevi; on which SERVIus observes: pro poena ei contingat ut diligat Mevium peiorem poetam. nam Mevius et Bavius pessimi fuerunt poetae, inimici tam Horatio quam Vergilio. unde Horatius (epod. 10, 1). Similarly PHILARGYRIUS, probably from SUETONIUS: duos sui temporis poetas dicit pessimos, quorum carmina ob humilitatem abiecta sunt ex quibus Bavius curator fuit, de quo Domitius in Cicuta (§ 243, 2) refert (that he lived with his brother in peace and community of goods, until the latter extended also to his wife). SERV. on ecl. 7, 21 ut sit Virgilii obtrectator, scilicet aut Bavius aut Anser (n. 3) aut Mevius pessimi poetae. On georg. 1, 210 reprehensus Vergilius dicitur a Bavio et Mevio hoc versu hordea qui dixit superest ut tritica dicat' (cf. ecl. 5, 36): this satirical line is attributed by CLEDONIUS GL. 5, 43, 2 to a certain Cornificius Gallus: cf. § 209, 2 ad fin. and below n. 3 in fin. Cf. generally § 225, 3. WEICHERT, poetar. lat. vitae etc. 308. The more correct spelling is Mevius, not Maevius: cf. MOMMSEN, arch. Ztg. 27, 123; and the Indices to the CIL. vol. 1. 2. 3. 5. 8. 10. 12 and 14 s.v. Mevius, further ib. 6, 44. 21814 sqq. and elsewhere.

Thyrsis

3. Ov. trist. 2, 435 Cinna (§ 213, 2) his (erotic writers such as Ticidas and Memmius) comes est Cinnaque procacior Anser. He is called poeta in SERV on

Verg. ecl. 7, 21 (see n. 2). He is doubtless the same concerning whom CICERO (Phil. 13, 11) jokes: ii qui nunc Mutinam oppugnant, D. Brutum obsident, de Falerno Anseres depellantur. According to this he was a zealous partisan of M. Antony. SERVIUS on Verg. ecl. 9, 36 alludit ad Anserem quendam Antonii poetam, qui eius laudes scribebat (cf. GL. 7, 543, 21) ... de hoc etiam Cicero (1.1.) . . . ipsum enim agrum (Falernum) ei donarat Antonius. From this passage of Servius is derived the notice published in the glossarium edited by CBARTH, advers. 37, 5 p. 1681 (and following this in LION's Servius 2 p. 373) and by MOмMSEN, Herm. 8, 67 (from a Vatic. s. XV): Anser quidam Antonii poeta fuit, qui eius laudes scriberet, de quo Ci. in Philippicis dixit ex agro Falerno anseres depellantur,' quem scilicet agrum donarat Antonius. It is merely owing to some error or corruption that BARTH here reads: de quo Mel in Philippica Ciceronis dixit, which is completed Melissus and has been taken to refer to Aelius Melissus (§ 352, 4). MOMMSEN 1.1. 74. Perhaps these statements of Servius are founded merely on inference, but it must certainly be due to a misconstruction that SERVIUS 1.1. states: quem ob hoc (as a partisan of Antony) per transitum carpsit (Vergilius). For the words (ecl. 9, 35) neque adhuc Vario videor nec dicere Cinna digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores no more refer to the poet Anser than do the words of PROPERTIUS 3, 34, 84 anseris indocto carmine cessit olor. The same misconstruction may easily have led to the statement of SERVIUS on ecl. 7, 21 (see n. 1) that Anser belonged to the obtrectatores Vergilii. The same sort of mistake occurs also in the appendix to DONATUS' vita Verg. 67 (in REIFFERSCHEID'S Sueton. p. 66): coaevos omnes poetas ita adiunctos habuit ut, cum inter se plurimum invidia arderent, illum una omnes colerent, Varius, Tucca, Horatius, Gallus, Propertius. Anser vero, quoniam Antonii partes secutus est, illum non observasse dicitur. Cornificius (n. 2, in fin. and § 209, 2 ad fin.) ob perversam naturam illum non tulit. Against WEICHERT, poett. latt. vitae etc. p. 159 see RUNGER, de Ansere poeta, Neubrandenb. 1858. EHEYDENREICH in the Commentatt. phil. semin. phil., Lps. 1874, 14.

234. Q. Horatius Flaccus, born 8 December 689/65 at Venusia, was the son of a freedman; he received his instruction at Rome and subsequently (perhaps a. 709/45) at Athens. When M. Brutus came there in August 710/44, he also won the young Horace over to his cause. Horace received from him an appointment as tribunus militum and accompanied him in Macedonia and Asia, until the battle of Philippi (autumn 712/42) precipitately ended his military career. He availed himself of the amnesty to return to Rome, and having lost his paternal estate by the distribution of the land among the veterans, he purchased the position of a quaestorian scribe. He now began to publish his Satires and Epodes, through which he became known in literary circles. In the spring of 716/38 he was introduced by Vergil and L. Varius to Maecenas, and he was admitted to his circle in the winter of 716/717=38/37 B.C. Thus it came to pass that he accompanied Maecenas on his journey to Brundisium, a. 717/37. From Maecenas he received, c. 721/32, an estate in

the Sabine country, and probably through him he was also introduced to Octavianus, who by his liberality set the poet free from all cares concerning his livelihood, and would gladly have attached him to his service and society. In his middle age Horace also composed lyrical poems, in his later years epistles. He died within a short time after Maecenas, on 27 November 746/8, and was buried near him.

1. The poems of Horace contain abundant information on his life. We derive also a number of important facts from the biography of the poet by Suetonius preserved in MSS of Horace (§ 347, 7). It was at an early time prefixed to copies of his poems, especially such as contained scholia. From the latter interpolations were soon added to the vita, e.g. on the speculatum cubiculum (from SCHOL. ep. 1, 19, 1; see KFROTH, RhM. 13, 531. AREIFFERSCHEID, Sueton. p. 389). On the other hand, this use of Suetonius' work entailed its being abbreviated, e.g. in the enumeration of the poems of Horace (OJAHN ap. Reifferscheid p. 390). The text of the vita e.g. in KLROTH's ed. of Suetonius p. 297; cf. p. LXXX, and the same writer in RhM. 13, 517. FRITTER introd. to his ed. of Horace p. v. AREIFFERSCHEID, Suetoni rell. (Lps. 1860) p. 44, cf. p. 387. Cf. ACRO on c. 4, 1, 1 (ut refert Suetonius in vita Horatii) and PORPH. on ep. 2, 1, 1 (cuius rei etiam Suetonius auctor est). PORPHYRIO on sat. 1, 6, 41 mentions a biography of Horace by himself patre libertino natum esse Horatium et in narratione quam de vita illius habui ostendi.— The other MS. vitae are worthless, REIFFERSCHEID 1.1. 387. An enumeration and criticism of these in CKIRCHNER, novae quaestt. hor., Naumb. 1847, 42.

2. Among modern biographies of Horace we mention especially JMASSON, vita Horatii, Leid. 1708. CHMITSCHERLICH's introduction to his ed. of the Odes p. CXLIV, CPASSOW, on the life and period of Horace, before his ed. of the Epistles. CFRANKE, fasti hor. p. 5. DEWALCKENAER, hist. de la vie et des poésies d'H., Par. 1840. 1858 II. WTEUFFEL, Horaz (Tüb. 1843) p. 1-13; PRE. 3, 1465. ANÕEL DES VERGERS, vie d'Horace, Par. 1855 (also in the introd. to DIDOT's Horace ed. 1855). LMÜLLER, Hor., e. literarhistorische Biographie, Lpz. 1880.-JMAY, d. Entwicklungsgang d. Hor. von 41-33 v. Chr., Constance 1871; von 35-30 v. Chr., Offenburg 1883-87 II. OERTNER, H.s Bemerkk. über sich selbst in d. Satt., Gross-Strelitz 1883. FONESOTтo, Orazio come uomo, Padua 1888. ACIMA, Orazio e Mecenate, in Saggj di studj lat., Florence 1889, 1. ALASSON, de iudiciis Hor. de suae et prioris aetatis poetis, Stryj 1888. EVoss, d. Natur in d. Dichtung des Hor., Münstereifel 1889. Cf. § 235, 1.

3. His praenomen Quintus is mentioned by Horace sat. 2, 6, 37; his nomen carm. 4, 6, 44. ep. 1. 14, 5; his cognomen Flaccus epod. 15, 12. s. 2, 1, 18; MARTIAL mentions the poet only under his cognomen (1, 107, 4. 8, 18, 5. 12, 4, 1). The day on which Horace was born (sexto idus decembris) is given by Suetonius, the month we know from ep. 1, 20, 27; the year from epod. 13, 6. c. 3, 21, 1. ep. 1, 20, 27; the birth-place from s. 2, 1, 34. Venusia was in Apulia on the frontier of Lucania: s. 2, 1, 34 Lucanus an Apulus anceps. MARTIAL is wrong in repeatedly (5, 30, 2. 8, 18, 5. 12, 94, 5) mentioning Horace as having been been in Calabria. The rank of his father: libertinus et (auctionum) coactor s. 1, 6, 6. 45. 86. ep. 1. 20, 20. The statement that his father was a salsamentarius (in SUET. vita Hor.) may possibly rest on some slander circulated by the maligners of the poet; AKIESSLING, coniectan. I. (Greifsw. 1853), 7. On his bringing up s. 1, 6, 72. 1, 4, 105. Instruction, ep. 2, 1, 69. 2, 2, 41. Tribunus militum, s. 1, 6, 48. On his campaigns with Brutus and

his flight at Philippi, see c. 2, 17, where v. 10 (relicta non bene parmula) does not exclude the possibility of a previous valiant defence (cf. ep. 1, 20, 23) and only describes the necessary consequence of all defeats (cf. e.g. Liv. 39, 20 quattuor milia militum amissa .. et arma multa, quae quia impedimento fugientibus per silvestres semitas erant passim iactabantur). Horace could not prevent the general flight, nor was he so intimately connected with the cause of Brutus that his honour should have obliged him to court death. SUETON.: victis partibus venia impetrata scriptum quaestorium comparavit. Cf. sat. 2, 6, 36 (and ep. 1, 14, 17). The loss of his paternal estate is mentioned ep. 2, 2, 50: then paupertas impulit audax ut versus facerem, i.e. (with jocular mockery of his own poetic turn) ' poverty made me fearless, so I attempted to write verse in order that I might become known and get into a better position.' Cf. FRITZSCHE, Hor. serm. 1, p. 3, 2.

4. The commencement of his acquaintance with Maecenas s. 1, 6, 41–61; cf. 2, 6, 40. He got the Sabine estate a. 721/33; see TEUFFEL'S Commentary on sat. II p. 63. cf. ib. p. 158. GFGROTEFEND, RhM. 3, 471. SUET. V. Hor.: vixit plurimum in secessu ruris sui Sabini aut Tiburtini: domusque eius ostenditur circa Tiburni luculum (cf. c. 1, 7, 13). The Sabine estate is mentioned esp. epod. 1, 25. s. 2, 3, 5. 308. 2, 6, 1. 16. 60. c. 1, 17. ep. 1, 16, 1-14. There is voluminous early literature concerning the situation of this estate; among more recent works ANOËL DES VERGERS (see n. 2) in Didot's Horace p. xxIII. PROSA, bull. dell' inst. arch. 1857, p. 105: cf. ib. p. 30. 151. See archäol. Ztg. 16, 155*: JJ. 77, 479. WPFITZNER, Parchim 1864. CJULLIAN, la villa d'Hor., Mél. de l'école franç. de Rome 3 (1883), 82. GBOISSIER, nouv. promenades archéol.: Horace et Virgile, Par. 1886, p. 1. HSTICH, BlfbayrGW. 20, 416.—A spring on his estate (s. 2, 6, 2. ep. 1, 16, 12) was called by Horace fons Bandusiae (Пavôoría?) after one near Venusia associated with youthful recollections, c. 3, 13. Cf. STRODTMANN, pref. to his translation of the lyrical poems 59.

5. According to his own statements Horace was in person the very reverse of Vergil (§ 224, 4), short (s. 2, 3, 309. ep. 1, 20, 24) and fat (ep. 1, 4, 15; cf. Aug. ep. in Suet.). In his youth he had dark hair (ep. 1, 7, 26, cf. c. 2, 11, 15. 3, 14, 25). Was he delicate? AUG. to Hor. in SUET.: Si per valetudinem tuam fieri possit (or did Horace merely make this a pretext in order to remain free?). He was afterwards trouble with hypochondriacal fits (ep. 1, 8). A certain well-to-doness seems to be indicated by some expressions, e.g. on his library (s. 1, 6, 122. 2, 3, 11. 2, 6, 61. ep. 1, 7, 12. 1, 18, 108), his journeys (ep. 1, 15, 1; cf. 1, 7, 11), his slaves (s. 1, 6, 116. 2, 7, 118) and his parasites (see 2, 7, 36). SUET. vita Hor.: (Augustus Horatium) una et altera liberalitate locupletavit. On the (very dubious) portraits of Horace see VISCONTI, iconographie rom. 1, 389 (pl. 13) and JBERNOULLI, rüm. Ikonogr. 1, 250.

6. The earliest poems of Horace (from about his 25th to 35th year) are the epodes and the satires. Of the latter, so far as we can now ascertain, b. 1 was finished a. 719/35, book 2 a. 724/30, while the epodes were concluded in the same year. Next follow, among the works of his riper years, first the first three books of the odes, published 731/23; then book 1 of the epistles a. 734/20; after this the carmen saeculare for the secular festival of a. 737/17, which also in the MSS. stood alone (after the epodes); lastly book 4 of the odes, concluded 741/13: Horace only resumed lyrical poetry in response to high influences. SUET. vita Hor.: Horatium (Augustus) coegit propter hoc (that is propter Vindelicam victoriam Tiberii Drusique privignorum suorum a. 739/15; cf. c. 4, 4. 14) tribus carminum libris ex longo intervallo quartum addere (c. 4, 1, 6 the poet calls himself a man of fifty). Perhaps at the same time as b. 4 of the odes Horace wrote b. 2 of the epistles (consisting of

letters 1 and 2). The liber de arte poetica, if we assume Porphyrio's statement concerning the personality of the Pisones to be correct, must be placed in the latter years of Horace (cf. § 239, 7).-Literature concerning the chronology of the poems of Horace: JMASSON, vita Horatii (1708); hist. crit. de la république des lettres (Amst. 1714) 5, 148. BENTLEY in the preface to his ed. p. xxv has dealt with it summarily but pertinently. CKIRCHNER, quaestt. Hor. (Naumb. 1834) p. 1-41. GFGROTEFEND, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encykl. 2, 10 (1883), 457; die schrifstellerische Laufbahn des H., Han. 1849. A new investigation by CFRANKE, fasti horatiani, Berl. 1839; with an epistola Lachmanni, p. 235 (also in his kl. Schrr. 2, 77). The whole question reviewed by TEUFFEL, Prolegomena zur horaz. Chronologie, ZfAW. 1842, 1103; die Abfassungszeit der Epoden, ib. 1844, 508. 1845, 596; der Satiren, RhM. 4, 93. 208. WCHRIST, fastorum Horat. epicrisis, Munich 1877. WTHSTREUBER, Chronologie der horaz. Dichtungen, Bas. 1843. CGZUMPT, introd. to Wüstemann's ed. of the sat. p. 20 (cf. RhM. 4, 224). ORIBBECK, Episteln p. 83. JVAHLEN, über die Zeit u. Abfolge der Literaturbriefe der Hor., MBer. d. Berl. Ak. 1878, 588 (together with THMOмMSEN, Herm. 15, 103). HNETTLESHIP, transact. of Oxf. philol. soc. 1882/83, 21. CBRANDES, de editione satt. Hor., Halle 1885. OTÜSELMANN, quaestt. chronol. Hor., Ilfeld 1885. GGAEBEL, de H. epp. 1. I tempp., Stettin 1888. AKRAWUTSCHKE, tempp. Hor. carmm. 11. I-III, Troppau 1889.-On the (real and supposed) connections between the poems of Horace and those of Vergil see HDÜNTZER, JJ. 99, 313. MHERTZ, anal. ad carmm. Hor. hist. 1, 12. AKIESSLING in his and Wilamowitz' philol. Unterss. 2, 113. EROSENBERG, ZfGW. 36, 675.

7. The order of the poems of Horace is in the MSS. (usually) the following: carminum libri I-IIII, de arte poetica liber, epodon liber, carmen saeculare, epistularum libri I-II, sermonum libri I-II. The order to which we are now accustomed (carmm. [+carm. saec.], epodi, satt., epp., a. p.) was meanwhile not unknown to antiquity, cf. DIOм. GL. 1, 528, 34 and § 352, 1. In each book we notice a certain endeavour to give due prominence in the arrangement to the poems addressed to the poet's most valued friends (see below); as for the rest, in the epodes the poems in the same metre are placed together, while in the odes they are separated; at least two sapphic odes (25 in 103) are never found placed immediately together; only alcaic odes, which are more numerous (37 in 103), are frequently found in company (1, 16. 17. 26. 27. 34. 35. 2, 13-15. 19. 20. 3, 1–6. 4, 14. 15). With this exception there is in the odes only a single instance (3, 24. 25) of two poems of the same metre occurring together. In b. 1 the same metre does not recur until c. 10, and book 1, c. 1-11 parades, so to speak, before the reader all the metres employed by Horace in the odes, with the exception of three, each of which only occurs once (2, 18. 3, 12. 4, 7). Horace addresses his very first odes to his aristocratic and distinguished friends (1, 1 to Maecenas, 2 to Augustus, 3 to Vergil, 4 to Sestius, who was consul in the year when this was published 731/23, 6 to Agrippa, 7 to Plancus). In b. 2 c. 1-10 alcaic and sapphic poems succeed each other in regular interchange. This arrangement was all the more practical as the poems were originally separated from each other only by the difference of metre, not by headings (cf. § 240, 3). On this striving for alternation, and the other motives for the arrangement of the poems see BÜCHELER, coniectanea, Bonn 1878, 15. AKIESSLING, philol. Unterss. 2, 48. PKSCHULZE, JJ. 131, 865. EROSENBERG, BlfbayrGW. 18, 335. AELTER, Wiener Studd. 10, 158.-HSTEPHANUS, diatribe de titulis et ordine librorum Horatii, in his ed. of Horace. SCAHN, trias quaestionum hor. (Bonn 1838) p. 1–17. TEUFFEL, ZfAW. 1842, 1108. AHERRMANN, curae hor., Celle 1861. ARIESE, JJ. 93, 474. RIBBECK, Episteln p. 82.