elector. Soldiers and sailors in the service of the United States, persons convicted of heinous crimes, idiots, and insane persons are excepted.

JUDICIARY.

The Judicial Powers of this State are vested in a Supreme Court, Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, Justices of the Peace, Commissioned Notaries Public, and such other Courts as have been or may be established by law.

The Supreme Court consists of three Judges, two of whom constitute a quorum. The constitution of 1868 provided that at the first appointment of Judges of the Supreme Court, one should be appointed for four years, one for eight years, and one for twelve years, but all subsequent appointments, except to fill unexpired terms, will be for the term of twelve years; and that for Judges of the Superior Court, one-half the number should be appointed for four years, and the other half for eight years; but all subsequent appointments, except to fill unexpired terms, will be for the term of eight years.

The Supreme Court has no original jurisdiction, but is a Court alone for the trial and correction of errors from the Superior Courts, and from the City Courts of Savannah and Augusta, and such other like Courts as may be established in other cities.

There is a Judge of the Superior Courts for each Judicial Circuit. He may act in other Circuits when authorized by law. The Superior Courts have exclusive jurisdiction in cases of divorce; in criminal cases where the offender is subjected to the loss of life or confinement in the Penitentiary; in cases respecting titles to land and equity cases, except as hereinafter provided; but the General Assembly has power to merge the Common Law and Equity Jurisdiction of said Courts. Said Courts have jurisdiction in all other civil cases, except as hereinafter provided. They have appellate jurisdiction in all such cases as are provided by law. They have power to correct errors in inferior Judicatories, by writ of certiorari, which only issues on the sanction of the Judge; and to issue writs of mandamus, prohibition, scire facias, and all other writs that may be necessary for carrying their powers fully into effect.

Until the General Assembly shall otherwise direct, there must be a District Judge, and a District Attorney for each Senatorial District in this State. The District Judge has jurisdiction to hear and determine all offences not punishable with death or imprisonment in the Penitentiary; and it is the duty of the District Attorney to represent the State in all cases before the District Judge.

No court has jurisdiction to try or determine any suit or enforce any judg ment or execution against any resident of the State upon any contract or agreement made or implied, or upon any contract made in renewal of any debt existing prior to the first day of June, 1865, except in certain cases specifically mentioned in the constitution.

The District Judge and Attorneys hold their offices for a period of four years. The Judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts, the Attorney General, Solicitors General and the District Judges, and Attorneys are appointed

by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and are removable by the Governor, on the address of two-thirds of each branch of the General Assembly, or by impeachment and conviction thereon. Justices of the Peace are elected by the legal voters in their respective Districts, and are commissioned by the Governor. They are removable on conviction for malpractice in office.

UNITED STATES COURTS.

Circuit Judge, N. H. Swayne. Dist. Judge, John Erskine. District Attorney, Henry S. Fitch. Marshal, William G. Dickson.

TERMS OF COURTS.

The Supreme Court holds its sessions at the seat of government, at such times as are prescribed by law. A Superior Court must sit in each county not less than twice in each year. The District Judge must sit at stated times not less than once in each month, in each county in his district.

SUPREME COURT.

Judges of Supreme Court. Joseph E. Brown, Atlanta; Henry Kent McCay, Americus; Hiram Warner, Greenville. Salaries $2,500 in specie.

CIRCUIT COURT.

Judges of Circuit Court. 1st District, Garnet Andrews, Washington; 2d District, Josiah R. Parrot, Cartersville; 3d District, John R. Alexander, Thomasville; 4th District, Chasee G. Davis, Monroe; 5th District, Carleton B. Cole, Macon; 6th District, James M. Clarke, Americus, 7th District, James W. Green, Americus; 8th District, David B. Hassell; Thomaston; 9th District, Wm. Gibson, Augusta; 10th District, John D. Pope, Atlanta; 11th District, Philip B. Robinson, Greenboro; 12th District, Noel B. Knight, Manilla; 13th District, Wm. Schleg, Savannah; 14th District, John S. Bigby, Newman; 15th District, W. M. Sessions, Blackshear; 16th District, E. H. Worrell, Talbotton. Salaries $1,800 in specie.

FINANCES.

At the close of the fiscal year, 1866, there was in the treasury a

Assets of the state consisting of shares of banks and railroads,

Bonded debt,

$71,752 $1,126,900 5,706,500

The Western and Atlantic railroad valued in 1862 at $7,869,224, for several years paid into the state treasury an interest of over 6 per ct. on $7,000,000.

EDUCATION.

According to the census of 1860, there were in Georgia 33 colleges, with 3,302 students, and $167,931 income, yet not more than five or six of these institutions would have ranked as colleges in the northern states. There were then 242 academies and private schools, with 11,075 pupils, and $237,373 income.

Many of these institutions were closed during the war, but are now in successful operation. The State University at Athens, founded in 1801, and re-organized so as to include Franklin College, confers five degrees, viz.: Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Laws, Bachelor of Science, Civil Engineer, and Master of Arts. It has a good building, a library of more than 13,000 volumes, besides 4,000 volumes in the libraries of the societies; a valuable and complete philosophical and chemical apparatus; and an extensive Mine

ralogical and Geological Cabinet. It has been re-opened under very favorable prospects.

Oglethorpe University, at Milledgeville, Mercer University, at Renfield, and Emory College, at Oxford, are respectively under the charge of the Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist denominations. They were all organized from 1835 to 1838, and have together graduated more than 1,000 students. The Wesleyan Female College at Macon, is in successful operation, with nearly as many students (144) as there were before the war.

The Constitution of 1868 provides for the organization of a thorough system of General Education, to be forever free to all children of the State, and creates the Office of State School Commissioner. This officer is appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate, and holds his office for the same time as the Governor. The poll tax allowed by the Constitution, and Educational fund now belonging to the State, except the endowment of, and debt due to the State University, or that may hereafter be obtained in any way, a special tax on shows and exhibitions, and on the sale of spirituous and malt liquors, which the General Assembly is authorized to assessand the proceeds from the commutation for military service, are set apart and devoted to the support of Common Schools. The General Assembly has power to levy such general tax upon the property of the State, as may be necessary for the support of said School System. There must be established as soon as practicable one or more Common Schools, in each School District in the state.

CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS.

The State Lunatic Asylum, at Medway, near Milledgeville went into operation in 1842. The buildings were subsequently enlarged, but are now insufficient to accommodate all patients. Blacks are entitled to admission as well as whites. This institution and the Academy for the Blind at Macon, have been in successful operation, but the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was suspended during the war, and had not been opened at our last date.

The State Penitentiary at Milledgeville was commenced in 1811, and substantially built of granite. It was repaired and improved in 1859-60, but destroyed during the war. It has since been partially restored and improved. Before the war the convicts were employed in manufacturing leather, wagons, shoes, pails, and other articles.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY. The population of Georgia at each census was as follows:

In 1860, cotton, corn, wheat, and potatoes were the principal products, this state ranking first in the amount of sweet potatoes, and fourth in the amount of cotton produced. At that time, about one-fourth of the land in the state was wild or unimproved. As in most of the other southern states, farms and cultivated lands have depreciated in value since 1860. During ten years preceding the war, manufactures rapidly increased, and at the time the last National census was taken, there were 1,890 establishments annually producing goods to the value of nearly $17,000,000. The state has valuable gold mines; iron ore, marble and other minerals are abundant.

Gold was first discovered in Habersham County, in 1831. It is found principally in this county and in Carroll, Cobb, Cherokee and Lumpkin counties. A mint was established at Dahlonega, in this county, in 1837, which has received $600,000 in a single year, with an aggregate coinage to February 28, 1861, $6,121,919. Of this amount, $5,825,747 was received during the period from 1833 to 1857. Placer mining has been prosecuted in northern Georgia in a manner, and with a success not unlike the experience of California. Besides the true veins, which traverse the strata in which they lie in various angles of dip and direction, there are many depositories of gold in all directions around Dahlonega, which are auriferous beds of slates, often decomposed, and sometimes containing pyrites, and the gossan resulting from its decomposition. In Lumpkin and Habersham counties especially, these metalliferous beds have been worked like opened quarries, and the gold in some instances, has been collected with the rocker or the pan, without recourse to crushing. In those parts of the gold region where nature has subjected the auriferous rocks to much dislocation and atmospheric exposure, not only the beds, of the veins, but the adjacent detritus of their valleys will unquestionably give large returns to the new and powerful methods for washing ponderous masses of earth. Companies have been organized to introduce these hydraulic appliances upon the Chestatee and other tributaries of the Chattahooche river.

The value of property as returned in 1866 was as follows.

Average value per acre in 1860, $4.85; in 1866, $3.42; decrease per acre, $1.43. In 1860, the total value of property exclusive of slaves, was $369,627,922.

8. ILLINOIS.

Capital, Springfield. Area, 55,410 square miles. Population, (1865), 2,141,510. Illinois was settled at Kaskaskia, by the French in 1683, and was claimed by France until the treaty of Paris, in 1763, when it fell into the hands of the English. Soon after, settlers from Virginia located themselves in the territory which came under the government of the United States by the war of the revolution. It formed a part of the North-western territory ceded by Virginia to the United States in 1783, was a part of Indiana as organized in 1800, from which it was separated, and made into a distinct territory in 1809. Its constitution was framed in 1818, and it was admitted into the Union, December 23, of that year.

The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, are elected by the people for four years. The general election is held on the first Tuesday in November. Senators, 25 in number, are chosen for four years; and Representatives, 90 in number, for two years. One-half the Senators, and all the Representatives being elected biennially. The pay of each member of the Legislature, is $2.00 a day for the first forty days, and $1.00 a day afterwards. The Legislature is required to assemble in regular session biennially, on the first Monday in January, in the odd years, 1869, 1871, &c.

Every white male inhabitant who was a resident of the state at the adoption of the constitution, and every white male citizen 21 years of age, residing one year in the state is entitled to vote.

JUDICIARY.

The Supreme Court which has appellate jurisdiction only, consists of three divisions, corresponding to three divisions of the state.

There are twenty-eight Circuit Courts presided over by as many judges. These courts have original jurisdiction in civil cases of all sums over $100, and concurrent jurisdiction with the justices courts of all sums under $100 and exceeding $20.

The Superior Court of Chicago has concurrent jurisdiction in the county and city respectively with the Circuit Court in all civil cases, and in all criminal cases except murder and treason. The Recorder's Court has jurisdiction in criminal cases, and in civil cases to the amount of $100. Each county has a County Court, with jurisdiction to the same amount as justices. of the peace, but the business of these courts is chiefly probate matters.

*Several of these officers have fees in addition to their salaries.