29. PENNSYLVANIA.

Capital, Harrisburg. Area, 46,000 square miles. Population, (1860), 2,906,115. The territory embraced within the present limits of Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn in payment of a debt due his father, Admiral Penn, by the government of Great Britain. In addition to this grant from Charles II., Penn became, by purchase and grant from the Duke of York, the proprietor of the territory now constituting the state of Delaware, and for many years all was united under one government.

This state was settled at Philadelphia in 1681, by English Quakers under William Penn. It adopted a state constitution, September 28, 1776, and ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 12, 1787.

The Governor, Auditor General, and Surveyor General are chosen by the people for a term of three years each. The general election is held annually on the second Tuesday of October. The Secretary of State, Attorney General, Adjutant General, Quartermaster General, Superintendent of Common Schools, and State Librarian, are appointed by the Governor. The State Treasurer is elected annually by the Legislature.

There are 33 Senators elected for three years, one-third retiring each year. The Representatives, 100 in number, are elected annually. The members of either house are paid $700 each per annum, with an allowance of 15 cents per mile for necessary travel to and from the capital to attend the meeting of the Legislature. The Legislature meets annually on the first Tuesday of January.

Every white male freeman of the age of 21 years, who has resided in the State one year and in his election district ten days prior to the election, and who has within two years paid a state or county tax, is entitled to the rights of an elector. White freemen, citizens of the United States between 21 and 22 years of age, are not obliged to pay taxes before voting.

JUDICIARY.

The Courts of this state are the Supreme Court, the District Courts, and the Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court is the High Court of * R. W. Mackey has been appointed and succeeds to the office 1st Monday in May, 1869.

Errors and Appeals. There are two District Courts, one for the city and county of Philadelphia, and one for the county of Allegheny. They have jurisdiction of all civil suits where the amount claimed exceeds $100, and for certain purposes prescribed by law, have the powers of Courts of Equity; they are the principal Commercial Courts for the cities where they are held.

There is also a District Court in Lancaster, which has concurrent jurisdiction with the Court of Common Pleas in civil cases over $100.

Courts of Common Pleas are the principal Equity Courts, and have jurisdiction where the demand exceeds $100. They also have charge of road cases, estates of minors, and one branch is the Criminal Court. The Quarter Sessions Courts have the criminal and road jurisdiction; and the Orphan's Court, estates of decedents and minors; but the Common Pleas Judges sit in all the courts, except in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Lancaster, where there are District Courts.

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is composed of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices, elected by the people to serve for a term of fifteen years. The justice having the shortest term to serve is Chief Justice.

The President Judges of the several Courts of Common Pleas and other courts of record, and all other Judges required to be learned in the law, are chosen by the electors of the district over which they are to preside, for a term of ten years.

Salaries of Judges of Supreme Court, $6,000; of Judges of District Courts, $5,000; of Judges of Courts of Common Pleas-in 1st and 5th Districts, $5,000; in 12th District, $3,800; in all others, $3,500 each.

UNITED STATES COURTS.

Western
Western

Circuit Judge, Robert Grier. District Judge-Eastern District, John Cadwalader. District, Wilson McCandless. District Attorney-Eastern District, Charles Gilpin. District, Robert B. Carnahan. Marshal-Eastern District, P. C. Ellmaker. Western District, Thomas A. Rowley. Clerk of Circuit Court-Eastern District, Benjamin Patton. Western District, H. Sprowl. Clerk of District Court-Eastern District, G. R. Fox. Western District, S. C. McCandless,

SUPREME COURT.

Chief Justice, James Thompson, Philadelphia. Associate Justices, John M. Read, Philadelphia; Daniel Agnew, Beaver County; George Sharswood, Philadelphia; Henry W. Williams, Pittsburgh.

DISTRICT COURTS.

Philadelphia County-President Judge, J. J. Clarke Hare. Associates, George M. Stroud, M. Russell Thayer. Allegheny County-President Judge, Moses Hampton. Associate, H. W. Williams.

TERMS OF SUPREME AND DISTRICT COURTS.

Five terms of the Supreme Court are held annually, as follows: Eastern District-at Philadelphia 2d Monday in March and December. Middle District-at Harrisburg 2d Monday in May. Northern District-at Sunbury 2d Monday in July. Western District—at Pittsburgh 1st Monday in September.

The District Court for the city and county of Philadelphia has four terms, commencing on the 1st Monday of March, June, September, and December of each year. The months of January, February, April, May, October, and November are devoted to jury trials.

The District Court for the county of Allegheny has four regular terms in the year, commencing on the 4th Monday in January, April, July, and November.

The amount of State debt, November 30, 1867, was
There was paid during the year,

Leaving the debt, November 30, 1868,

The funded debt consisted of-6 per cent. loans.

66

$37,704,409.76

4,417,463.63

$33,286,946.13

.$25,311,180.00

5 4+

The unfunded debt consisted of-Relief notes...

96,415.00

Collegiate or university privileges have been granted to thirty-seven different institutions in this state, of which fourteen, including about all the living institutions, reported their condition to the State Department last year. The Agricultural College has been much improved. Three experimental farms were purchased for it in 1868, at a cost of $43,889.

The frame work of government written in England in 1682, and introduced by Wm. Penn, provided that the Governor and Provincial Council should erect and order all public schools. In 1752, certain officers were appointed trustees and managers of such schools. The provisional constitution, framed in 1776, provided for the establishment of a school in each county, and, in 1786, the proceeds of sixty thousand acres of public lands were appropriated in aid of public schools. In 1836, the common school fund was authorized and provision made for the distribution of its income. The school law of 1834, which is the foundation of the present school system, provides for free education for all between six and twenty-one years of age. The office of county superintendent was created in 1854, and that of state superintendent

in 1856.

The sixty-six counties of the state are sub-divided, for school purposes, into 1,889 school districts, each township, borough or city usually constituting

a school district. Each district has six school directors, two of which are elected annually, holding office three years. The directors are required to procure school buildings and grounds, establish schools, appoint teachers, visit every school in the district by one, at least, of their number once a month, direct what branches shall be taught and what books used, and report annually to the county superintendent. This officer, who must be an experienced teacher, is elected for three years by the school directors of the county; he is to visit all the public schools of the county, examine teachers, and report annually to the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, who is at the head of the department, and is appointed by the Governor by and with the advice and consent of the Senate for the term of three years.

The first Normal School in the state, with the exception of the City Normal School in Philadelphia, was opened in Lancaster County, at Millersville, in 1855. It was continued in private hands under the name of the Lancaster County Normal School until 1859, when it became a State Institution. The Normal School law, passed in 1857, divides the state into twelve districts, in each of which a State Normal School may be established whenever private contributions make it practicable. Each school must have suitable buildings and at least ten acres of land connected with it. The buildings of each must contain a hall of sufficient size to comfortably seat 1,000 adults, with class rooms, lodging rooms and refectories for at least 300 students. Each school must have a library, cabinet and apparatus, at least six professors, and one or more model and practice schools attached to it, with not less than 100 pupils, so arranged that the Normal pupils may therein acquire a practical knowledge of the art of teaching.

Public School Statistics. With the exception of the city of Philadelphia, the whole number of schools in 1867 was 13,061, an increase of 288 from 1866; whole number of pupils in attendance, 660,163, an increase of 10,644; average attendance, 414,537, or 62 per cent.; average length of school term, 5 months 164 days; average cost of tuition-for each pupil, per month, 85 cents; whole number of male teachers, 6,619, an increase of 485 from 1866; whole number of female teachers, 8,590, a decrease of 117; average salaries of male teachers, per month, $35.87; average salaries of female teachers, per month, $27.51; total cost of tuition, $2,482,512.93, an increase, from 1866, of $270,991.23; total cost of fuel and contingencies, $601,087.21, an increase of $42,769.60; total cost of purchasing, building, renting, and repairing school houses, $985,152.55, an increase of $389,482.86; total expenditures of the system for tuition, building purposes and contingencies, $4,068,752.69, an increase, from 1866, of $802,243.69; total state appropriation, $355,000.00; total amount paid for salaries of county superintendents, $56,221.23; average number of mills on dollar school tax, 7.25; average number of mills on dollar building tax, 5.04; whole amount of tax levied and state appropriation, $3,971,285.23, an increase of $602,897,90; amount of tax levied, $3,616,285.23, an increase, from the previous year, of $602,327.90.

Including the city of Philadelphia, which has a separate system, the whole number of schools in the state was 13,435; teachers, 16,523; whole number of pupils, 789,389; average attendance, 480,870; total of expenditures for all school purposes, $5,160,750.17.

School Statistics of Philadelphia for 1867. Whole number of schools, 374; High schools, 2; Grammar, 60; Secondary, 69; Primary, 187; Unclassified, 56; male teachers, 79; female teachers, 1,235; whole number of pupils registered, 129,226; average attendance, 66,333; percentage of attendance, 51; percentage of attendance upon number belonging to the schools at the end of the year, 86.

Normal School, 2d District, Millersville. EDWARD BROOKS, Principal. Recognized as a State Normal School in 1859; buildings and other property valued at $106,000. Teachers-male, 10; female, 7; whole number of students since recognition, 3,754; of graduates, 96; number of students in 1867, in Normal School-males, 428; females, 221; total, 652; graduates, 20; in Model School-males, 106; females, 54; total, 160; volumes in library, 8,900.

Normal School, 12th District, Edinboro. JOSEPH A. COOPER, Principal. Chartered as an academy in 1856, recognized as a state institution in 1861; buildings and other property valued at $36,750. Teachers-male, 5; female, 7. Whole number of students since recognition, 1,444; of graduates, 30; number of students in 1867, in Normal School-males, 211: females, 214; total, 425; graduates, 5; in Model School-males, 75; females, 63; total, 138; volumes in library, 1,456. Normal School, 5th District, Mansfield, Tioga Co. F. A. ALLEN, Principal. First organized in 1854 as a classical academy, recognized as a Normal School in December, 1862. Buildings and other property valued at $49,000. Teachers-males, 4; females, 5. Whole number of students since recognition, 1,290; graduates, 37; number of students in 1867-in Normal School, males, 130; females, 152; total, 282; graduates, 21; in Model School-males, 60; females, 63; total, 123; volumes in library, 630.

Keystone Normal School, 3d District, Kutztown. J. S. ERMENTRAUT, Principal. Recognized as a state institution in 1866. Buildings and other property are valued at $55,000. Teachers-males, 11; females, 2. Whole number of students in 1867, in Normal School-males, 266; females, 77; total, 343; in Model School-males, 35; females, 25; total, 60; volumes in library, 1,000.

Colleges. Fourteen colleges reported in 1867-112 professors and tutors; 2,120 students, of whom 910 were in preparatory departments, 106 in partial courses, and 136 preparing to teach. The whole number of graduates was 6,262, of whom 214 graduated last year. There were 94,236 volumes in the college libraries, and they had apparatus valued at $61,700. The income was $39,195 from tuition, and $86,201 from invested funds; the endowment funds and other property were increased $262,422.

Academies and Seminaries. Thirty-two reported-190 instructors; 4,444 students; 2,242 males and 2,202 females; of whom 2,287 were day scholars, and 1,694 boarders, 463 not being specified. These institutions had 21,959 volumes in their libraries, and apparatus to the amount of $5,470. The value of their property was $522,342; income, $147,931, and expenditures, $131.973.

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

The Charitable institutions of this state are on a plan commensurate with its wealth and extent, and are liberally provided for by the government. There are six incorporated asylums for the Insane, besides several private institutions for the same class. The Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, founded more than one hundred years ago, has been modified and improved, and is now furnished with all the appliances necessary for the comfort of its inmates. The State Lunatic Hospital at Harrisburg, and the Western Pennsylvania Hospital near Pittsburg, have been crowded with patients. New buildings have been erected for the latter institution.

The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, established in 1820, and the Institution for the Blind, founded in 1833, receive state pupils from Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Pay pupils are also admitted. Both have ample provision for giving intellectual and moral instruction, and the pupils are successfully employed a part of the time in the workshops.

The Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-minded Children, at Media, was first established in 1852, as a private institution, at Germantown, but was removed to Media in 1859, where a farm of 60 acres and a convenient building were provided for it, the state paying a part of the expenses.

The Philadelphia House of Refuge, founded in 1828, has two distinct departments, one for white and one for colored children, with grounds and buildings for each.

The House of Refuge for Western Pennsylvania, chartered in 1850, and opened in 1854, is for children of both sexes, though more than two-thirds of the inmates are boys. The schools are thoroughly classified, and during