II. EUROPE. 1. AREA-POPULATION-MOVEMENT AND DENSITY OF POPULATION-NATIONALITIES-THE GREAT POWERS-FORMS OF GOVERNMENT-CIVILIZATION. The total area of Europe is estimated at 3,781,280 square miles; the total population at 293,083,000. Among the large divisions of the world, Europe occupies the fourth place in point of area, being much inferior to Asia, America and Africa, and superior only to Australia and Polynesia. In point of population, it occupies the second place, being inferior only to Asia, and superior to Africa, America and Australia. The increase of population during the last century has been very rapid. In 1787 it was estimated at 150,000,000; at present it exceeds 293,000,000. It has therefore nearly doubled in 80 years, notwithstanding the devastating wars from 1793 to 1815, of 1854, 1859 and 1866. It ranks first among the large divisions of the world in density of population. The densest population is to be found in Belgium and the kingdom of Saxony; the thinnest in Russia, Sweden and Norway. In general, western Europe is more densely peopled than eastern Europe. Nearly the whole population of Europe belongs to the Caucasian race, using the Indo-European class of languages, and in particular, one of the three chief branches the Germanic, Greco-Latin, and Slavic. The former embraces the Germans, the Scandinavians and the Anglo-Saxons. The Greco-Latin branch comprises the Greeks, Rumanians, Italians, French, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Albanians. The Slavi, who occupy the whole of eastern Europe, embrace the Russians, Poles, Czechi, Moravians, Croats, Slavonians, Wends, Servians, Bulgarians. The population of Ireland, northern and middle Scotland, Wales, and the Bretagne (in France), is of Celtic origin; but the Celtic language has to a large extent disappeared, and politically the Celts have been absorbed by, or are at least subject to other races. The Magyars in Hungary, the Szeklers in Transylvania, the Finns in Finland, the Lapps, the Esthonians and a number of smaller tribes in European Russia belong to the Finnish branch of Indo-Europeans. The Basques in the Pyrenees are regarded as the descendants of the Iberians, the primitive inhabitants of Spain. Of the political divisions of Europe, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Holland and the great majority of the cantons of Switzerland are Germanic countries: in Austria, the Germanic nationality prevails in the provinces of Austria above the Ens, Austria below the Ens, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, the Tyrol, and Silesia; in Russia, the three Baltic provinces, Livonia, Esthonia and Courland, are under the predominant influence of the Germanic nationality, although the Germans do not constitute a majority of the population; in Belgium about four-sevenths are Germans. States in which the Greco-Latin languages prevail are France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Rumania (a dependency of Turkey), and the cantons of south-western Switzerland. To the same family belong three-sevenths of the Belgians and a part of the Tyrol. The only Slavic Empire is Russia; but the Slavi also prevail in Servia and Montenegro (Turkish dependencies), in the Turkish of a new constitution, Feb. 26, 1861; first session of the new Reichsrath (Parliament), May 1, 1861; reconstruction of Austria on the basis of dualism, 1867, the country being divided in point of administration into two parts, the one comprising the German and Slavic crownlands; the other Hungary and its dependencies. (See Government). Area. The total area of the Austrian Empire is 240,381 square miles. The area of the CisLeithanian Division is 115,925 square miles, of which Bohemia has 20,062, and Gallicia, 30,313. The area of the Trans-Leithanian Division is 124,456 square miles, viz: Hungary, 82,839; Croatia and Slavonia, 7,443; Transylvania, 21,289, and the Military Frontier, 12,955. The following statement shows the changes in the area of the Austrian empire since 1780: Population. The total population of Austria, according to the last official census, (1857), was 32,530,002. According to the "Statistisches Jahrbuch der Oestreich. Monarchie für 1866,” (Vienna, 1868), it was calculated at 35,553,000. Austria is separated into two administrations, each of which has its own Parliament. The former comprises the German and Slavic crownlands; the latter Hungary and the crownlands dependent upon the Hungarian crown. The former is called Cis-Leithania, (the provinces this side of the river Leitha); the second, TransLeithania, (the provinces on the other side of the river Leitha). The population of Austria belongs to four principal races: The Germans, the Slavi, the Rumanians, and the Magyars, (Hungarians). Their relative numbers according to the census of 1857, were as follows: Germans, 7,877,675; Slavi, 14,986,754; Rumanians, 3,196,079; Hungarians, 4,947,134; of other families, 1,209,949. The following cities have more than 50,000 inhabitants: Vienna, (1864), 578,525; Prague, (1857), 142.588; Pesth, (1857), 131,705; Triest, (1857), 104,707; Lemberg, (1857), 70,384; Gratz, (1857), 63,176; Szegedin, (1857), 62,700; Brünn, (1857,) 58,809; Maria-Theresienstadt, 53,499. Reigning Sovereign and Family. FRANCIS JOSEPH I. Emperor of Austria, and King of Hungary, born August 18, 1830; succeeded his uncle, Ferdinand I. as Emperor of Austria, December 2, 1848; crowned King of Hungary, June 8, 1867; married April 25, 1854, to Elizabeth, a Bavarian Princess, born 1837. Children-1. Gisela, born July 12, 1856; 2. Rudolph, heirapparent, born August 21, 1858. Emperor Ferdinand I., Uncle of the Emperor, born April 19, 1793, abdicated in favor of his nephew, the present Emperor, Dec. 2, 1848. His brother, Archduke Francis Charles, born Dec. 7, 1802, renounced the throne in favor of his son, the present Emperor Francis Joseph. Archduke Albert, born August 3, 1817, son of the late celebrated general, Archduke Charles; commander-in-chief of the army of the South in the war against Italy, 1866. The present reigning family descended from Count Rudolph of Hapsburg, elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1273. Maria Theresa, the last descendant of this dynasty, married Dake Francis I. of Tuscany, of the House of Lorraine. Emperor Francis I. (1792-1835,) renounced the Imperial crown of Germany, and assumed the title of Emperor of Austria. The following is the list of the Sovereigns of Austria since the 16th century: Charles V. 1519; Ferdinand I. 1556; Maximilian II. 1564; Rudolph II. 1576; Matthias, 1611; Ferdinand II. 1619; Ferdinand III. 1637; Leopold I. 1657; Joseph I. 1705; Charles VI. 1711; Maria Theresa, 1740; Joseph II. 1780; Leopold II. 1790; Francis I. (as Emperor of Germany, Francis II., as Emperor of Austria, Francis I.) 1792; Ferdinand I. (the former Ferdinands being Emperors of Germany, not Emperors of Austria, he is called Ferdinand I.) 1835; Francis Joseph, 1848. Government. Austria, a constitutional country since 1849, and a bipartite state since 1867, consists of a German-Slavic monarchy, (Cis-Leithania,) and a Hungarian kingdom, (TransLeithania,) each having a separate legislature consisting of the Provincial Diets and a Central Diet. (See Area and Population.) There are in Austria proper, or Cis-Leithania, fourteen Provincial Diets, differing only in the number of deputies, and composed of the prelates of the church and the chancellors of the universities, of the representatives of great estates, of towns, of boards of commerce and trade-unions, and of rural communities. The Central Diet (Reichsrath), consists of an Upper and a Lower House. The Upper House is formed of the princes of the Imperial family, of a number of nobles, of the prelates of princely rank, and of any other life-members nominated by the Emperor. The Lower House is composed of 203 members, elected by the Provincial Diets. It is incumbent upon the head of the State to assemble the Reichsrath annually. The consent of this Parliament must be obtained to all laws regarding military duty; its co-operation is necessary in all legislation on trade and commerce, customs, banking, posting, telegraph and railway matters; in examination of the estimates of the income and expenditure of the State, of the bills on taxation, public loans and conversion 991 2,469 Year of Accession. Form of Government. 1860 Lim. Mon., 1 Cham. 1858 Constitutional Mon. 7,994 John II., Prince. 48,538 Dr. Roeck, Burgomaster.. 1867 Free City. 560,618 Fred. Francis, G'nd Duke. 1842 Lim. Mon., 1 Cham. 98,770 Fred. Wm., Grand Duke.. 1,887 Charles III., Prince.... 3,552,665 William III., King... 199,958 315,622 Peter, Grand Duke... 36,494 3,987,861 Louis I., King. 1,483 363,658 135,806 24,043,296 William I., King.. 22 5,779 2,423,401 John, King.. 510 760 956 141,426 Ernest, Duke. 1,404 874 283,044 Chas. Alex., Grand Duke. 1860 Lim. Mon., 1 Cham., 1856 Limited Monarchy. 1849 Lim. Mon., 2 Cham. 1853 Lim. Mon., 2 Cham. 1861 Lim. Mon., 2 Cham. 1861 Lim. Mon., 2 Cham. 1867 Lim. Mon., 1 Cham. 1859 Lim. Mon., 2 Cham. 1868 Federal Republic. Capital, Vienna. Area, 240,381 square miles. Population, 35,553,000: History. Establishment of a Margravate of Austria by Charlemagne, 791; Leopold I. of Babenberg, appointed Margrave, 983; First Duke of Austria, Henry Jasomirgott, 1141–1177; extinction of the House of Babenberg with the death of Duke Frederic, 1246; Austria under the immediate administration of the Emperors (“ Austrian Interregnum "), 1246-1282; accession of the House of Hapsburg, two sons of Rudolf of Hapsburg, Albrecht and Rudolf being appointed rulers of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia, 1282; Albrecht sole Duke of Austria, Styria, and Carniola, 1283; Carinthia united with Austria, 1335; the Tyrol united with Austria, 1963; Albrecht V. elected German Emperor, (under the name of Albrecht II.), 1438; the imperial crown subsequently remained with the rulers of Austria almost without interruption until the dissolution of the German Empire; Hungary and Bohemia united with Austria under Albrecht V. (died 1439), but again lost after the death of Ladislav, 1457; Austria made an Archduchy, 1453; the Netherlands united with Austria, 1477; Charles V. (1519–1556), inherited Spain, which however, was again separated from Austria on his death; his brother Ferdinand, who had been ruler of Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia from 1526, succeeding him in Austria, and his son Philip in Spain; division of the territory among the sons of Ferdinand on his death, 1564; re-united in 1665; Transylvania united with Austria, 1683; large possessions in Italy (Milan, Naples, Sardinia), united with Austria by the Peace of Utrecht, 1713; Loss of Silesia, 1742; Gallicia united with Austria, 1772; Emperor Francis II. assumed the name of Emperor of Austria, 1804; dissolution of the German Empire, 1806; by the treaty of Vienna, 1815, Austria received its present territory, and Lombardy and Venetia in Italy; Lombardy lost, 1859; Venetia lost, 1866; Great Revolution and convocation of a Constituent Assembly, 1848; Hungary declared herself independent, 1848; was conquered, 1849; a constitution proclaimed by the government for the whole empire, 1849; conclusion of the concordat, 1855; proclamation of a new constitution, Feb. 26, 1861; first session of the new Reichsrath (Parliament), May 1, 1861; reconstruction of Austria on the basis of dualism, 1867, the country being divided in point of administration into two parts, the one comprising the German and Slavic crownlands; the other Hungary and its dependencies. (See Government). Area. The total area of the Austrian Empire is 240,381 square miles. The area of the CisLeithanian Division is 115,925 square miles, of which Bohemia has 20,062, and Gallicia, 30,313. The area of the Trans-Leithanian Division is 124,456 square miles, viz: Hungary, 82,839; Croatia and Slavonia, 7,443; Transylvania, 21,289, and the Military Frontier, 12,955. The following statement shows the changes in the area of the Austrian empire since 1780: Population. The total population of Austria, according to the last official census, (1857), was 32,530,002. According to the "Statistisches Jahrbuch der Oestreich. Monarchie für 1866,” (Vienna, 1868), it was calculated at 35,553,000. Austria is separated into two administrations, each of which has its own Parliament. The former comprises the German and Slavic crownlands; the latter Hungary and the crownlands dependent upon the Hungarian crown. The former is called Cis-Leithania, (the provinces this side of the river Leitha); the second, TransLeithania, (the provinces on the other side of the river Leitha). The population of Austria belongs to four principal races: The Germans, the Slavi, the Rumanians, and the Magyars, (Hungarians). Their relative numbers according to the census of 1857, were as follows: Germans, 7,877,675; Slavi, 14,986,754; Rumanians, 3,196,079; Hungarians, 4,947,134; of other families, 1,209,949. The following cities have more than 50,000 inhabitants: Vienna, (1864), 578,525; Prague, (1857), 142.588; Pesth, (1857), 131,705; Triest, (1857), 104,707; Lemberg, (1857), 70,384; Gratz, (1857), 63,176; Szegedin, (1857), 62,700; Brünn, (1857,) 58,809; Maria-Theresienstadt, 53,499. Reigning Sovereign and Family. FRANCIS JOSEPH I. Emperor of Austria, and King of Hungary, born August 18, 1830; succeeded his uncle, Ferdinand I. as Emperor of Austria, December 2, 1848; crowned King of Hungary, June 8, 1867; married April 25, 1854, to Elizabeth, a Bavarian Princess, born 1837. Children-1. Gisela, born July 12, 1856; 2. Rudolph, heirapparent, born August 21, 1858. Emperor Ferdinand I., Uncle of the Emperor, born April 19, 1793, abdicated in favor of his nephew, the present Emperor, Dec. 2, 1848. His brother, Archduke Francis Charles, born Dec. 7, 1802, renounced the throne in favor of his son, the present Emperor Francis Joseph. Archduke Albert, born August 3, 1817, son of the late celebrated general, Archduke Charles; commander-in-chief of the army of the South in the war against Italy, 1866. The present reigning family descended from Count Rudolph of Hapsburg, elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1273. Maria Theresa, the last descendant of this dynasty, married Duke Francis I. of Tuscany, of the House of Lorraine. Emperor Francis I. (1792-1835,) renounced the Imperial crown of Germany, and assumed the title of Emperor of Austria. The following is the list of the Sovereigns of Austria since the 16th century: Charles V. 1519; Ferdinand I. 1556; Maximilian II. 1564; Rudolph II. 1576; Matthias, 1611; Ferdinand II. 1619; Ferdinand III. 1637; Leopold I. 1657; Joseph I. 1705; Charles VI. 1711; Maria Theresa, 1740; Joseph II. 1780; Leopold II. 1790; Francis I. (as Emperor of Germany, Francis II., as Emperor of Austria, Francis I.) 1792; Ferdinand I. (the former Ferdinands being Emperors of Germany, not Emperors of Austria, he is called Ferdinand I.) 1835; Francis Joseph, 1848. Government. Austria, a constitutional country since 1849, and a bipartite state since 1867, consists of a German-Slavic monarchy, (Cis-Leithania,) and a Hungarian kingdom, (TransLeithania,) each having a separate legislature consisting of the Provincial Diets and a Central Diet. (See Area and Population.) There are in Austria proper, or Cis-Leithania, fourteen Provincial Diets, differing only in the number of deputies, and composed of the prelates of the church and the chancellors of the universities, of the representatives of great estates, of towns, of boards of commerce and trade-unions, and of rural communities. The Central Diet (Reichsrath), consists of an Upper and a Lower House. The Upper House is formed of the princes of the Imperial family, of a number of nobles, of the prelates of princely rank, and of any other life-members nominated by the Emperor. The Lower House is composed of 203 members, elected by the Provincial Diets. It is incumbent upon the head of the State to assemble the Reichsrath annually. The consent of this Parliament must be obtained to all laws regarding military duty; its co-operation is necessary in all legislation on trade and commerce, customs, banking, posting, telegraph and railway matters; in examination of the estimates of the income and expenditure of the State, of the bills on taxation, public loans and conversion of the funds. To give validity to bills passed by the Reichsrath, the consent of both Houses is required, as well as the sanction of the head of the State. Ministry of Austria Proper. Premier, Prince CARLOS AUERSPERG, (resigned Oct., 1868); Deputy President, Count EDUARD TAAFFE; Minister of the Interior, Dr. KARL GISKRA, born in Moravia, 1820; Minister of Education, Dr. HASNER; Minister of Commerce, HERR VON PLENER; Minister of Justice, Professor EDUARD HERBERT; Minister of Finance, Dr. RUDOLF BRESTEL. The constitution of the kingdom of Hungary was acknowledged and sworn to by the present king, in 1867. It leaves the whole legislation and administration in the hands of the native nobility, giving to the king little more than the chief command of the army, and the right and duty to protect the country against foreign enemies. The power of legislation and of taxation is vested in the Diet and the County Meetings. The Diet is composed of two Houses, the Chamber of Magnates being formed of the prelates, the peers, the great officers of the Crown and the lords-lieutenant of the 52 counties and of the barons. The Lower House is made up of representatives of the towns and rural districts. The County Meetings elect the parliamentary deputies, as well as all county officers, and are occupied with local legislation and taxation, and the general business of the district. The Hungarian Ministry. Minister of War, Count JULIUS ANDRASSY, born 1825; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count GEORGE FESTETICS; Minister of Finance, MELCHIOR LONYAY; Minister of the Interior, Baron BELA VON WENKHEIM; Minister of Education and Public Worship, Baron JOSEPH VON EÖTVÖS, born 1813; Minister of Justice, Count BALTHASAR VON HORVATH; Minister of Public Works, Count EMERICH MIKO; Minister of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, STEPHEN VON GOROVE. The Sovereign of Hungary, though Emperor of Austria, is styled "king," in all public acts. The exchequer is managed by the "Hofkammer" at Buda. The present ministry is supported by a strong majority, directed by F. Deak, the head of the "Liberal-Conservative" party, the most influential in the country; its organ is the Pesti Naplo, (Pesth Journal.) The opposition is now composed of the Left and the Central Left. Ministry of the Empire-Reichsministerium-for common affairs, first appointed December 24, 1867: Minister of Foreign Affairs and Imperial Household, Count FERDinand von BeUST, Chancellor of the Empire; Minister of Finance, Baron FRANZ Karl von BECKE; Minister of War, Baron Franz Kuhn von KuhnenfelDT. The following affairs have been declared common and pertaining to all the lands of the Austrian monarchy, by the law of Dec. 21, 1867. 1. The foreign affairs, including diplomatic and commercial representation. 2. War affairs, including war, marine, the granting of recruits and the manner of serving in the army. 3. Financial affairs, regarding expenses common to all the Austrian provinces, especially the current year's estimates and examination of accounts. The commercial affairs, especially legislation on tariff and duties, indirect taxation, coin and money, general railroads, and army regulations, are treated according to principles agreed upon from time to time by the different Diets. The costs of the common administration are defrayed by both divisions of the Empire, and fixed upon by mutual understanding of the respective Diets, sanctioned by the Emperor. The same rule obtains as to paying off the public debt. The administration of the common affairs is given to a responsible ministry. The delegation of the Central Diet consists of sixty members, one-third of whom are taken from the Upper, and two-thirds from the Lower houses. The delegates and their alternates are chosen yearly, but may be re-elected. The consent of both delegations and the sanction of the Emperor are required to enact a law. The Common Ministry is responsible to the Central Diet. A resolution is made valid only by absolute majority of all the members. The members of this Central Diet are inviolable and irresponsible. Their sessions are generally public. Education. Number of educational establishments in the years 1851 and 1857: There are eight universities in the Empire, at Vienna, Prague, Pesth, Gratz, Cracow, Innspruck, Lemberg, and Linz. The number of students attending these institutions amounted, in 1860, to 8,256. There are seven Polytechnic schools, and 129 Theological Seminaries. The German population of the Empire is most advanced in general education; the least advanced are the Croats, Slavonians, and Dalmatians. At the conscription of 1857, it was found that of 2,649 recruits in the Archduchy of Austria, 2,323 were able to read and write; while in Bohemia, |