concerning our economic past, present and future. The broadcast depicts the materials' supply position of the Uniter States for the future in such vital areas as coal, iron, copper, rare minerals, lumber, oil, water, and energy itself. Edward R. Murrow narrated the program. William S. Paley, Chairman of the President's Materials Policy Commission and chairman of the board of Columbia Broadcasting System, appeared on the broadcast with, among others: Bernard Baruch; Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development during World War II; Ernest T. Breech, executive vice president, Ford Motor Co.; Madame Pandit, current President of the General Assembly of the United Nations; Senator Henry C. Dworshak (Republican), of Idaho; John L. Lewis; Charles S. Munson, chairman of the board, Manufacturing Chemists Association, and Abel Wolman, professor of sanitary engineering, Johns Hopkins University. The other members of the President's Commission, in addition to Mr. Paley, who appeared on the broadcast, were Eric Hodgins, member of the board of editors of Fortune magazine; Arthur H. Bunker, president, Climax Molybdenum Co.; George R. Brown, Texas engineer and industrialist, and Dr. Edward S. Mason, dean of the Graduate School of Public Administration at Harvard University. Emphasizing the significance of Resources for Freedom, Mr. Paley points out, "Our Commission came up with some sobering facts which translate into some sobering problems. If we are watchful and alert, we can meet these facts and we can solve these problems ***. The materials problem is tied to such tremendous issues as lasting prosperity and the hope of peace-for our own and future generations. This is why the materials problem is everybody's problem." In announcing Resources for Freedom, Mr. Mickelson said, "In order to fashion an hour television program out of the vast subject matter contained in the report, CBS Television camera crews and reporters during many monthstraveled more than 22,000 miles in North and Latin America, interviewing political and industrial leaders on the fundamental economic issues with which the report is concerned. They ranged from the Williston Basin in North Dakota-where the cameras were kept operative in the subzero temperature only by use of kerosene stoves and blankets-to the province of Oriente in Cuba. It is our belief that the American public has a great deal of thinking to do about our country's basic economic policy for the future, and it is our hope that Resources for Freedom will help viewers appraise the many factors involved.” Producer of Resources for Freedom was Roy Lockwood. Eric Hodgins was editorial consultant. Directors were James Cahoon and David Moore. (Here is what members of the Commission said in their appearance on the program:) George R. Brown, Texas engineer and industrialist; member of the Commission: For the past 50 years we have had and have used more energy than any nation on earth. That is one of the factors that have made us what we are today. But the demands for our goods and services are climbing so rapidly, that we will have to increase the output of our total energy 100 percent in the next 25 years. How? The answer could be in the practical application of atomic energy and solar energy but it is too early to estimate the contributions from these sources. For quite a while we will have to rely on the so-called conventional resources. Arthur Bunker, president, Climax Molybedenum Co., members of the Commission: The iron and steel people have known about taconite ores and their existence for some 30 years or more. There's never been a great incentive to use this low-grade material, which contains about 25 percent iron, until technology, within the last few years, developed a method for making it available for economic and competitive treatment with high-grade iron ores. This has now been accomplished. In the case of many other metals which we need just as badly as iron, the situation is not as happy. Many times now we have to rely on leaner and leaner ores which cost more to work. I believe that the crux of the whole materials problem is the question of costs-real costs; that is, the expenditures of labor, energy, and capital in producing a given amount of materials or goods. On the other hand the Commission does not think there is any reason to alarm us, unless we should adopt an unrealistic policy of self-sufficiency, requiring us to expend an enormous amount of energy and labor and capital to produce goods we can readily obtain at reasonable costs and prices from abroad from the free people to whom we wish to sell our own finished goods and their markets. The Commission feels that this trade is indispensable to the economic health of both countries. We also feel there is no such thing as isolated prosperity; that no one nation for long can be prosperous unless the other nations of the free world are also prosperous. Eric Hodgins, member of the board of editors of Fortune magazine; member of the Commission: For the world's most highly industrialized Nation, the United States has a remarkably small working force of researchers-some 76,000 scientists and 59,000 engineers. If all our industries were as progressive as the chemical industry or the oil industry, we'd have considerably more men working on research problems. But they aren't. Our great industrial procession in the United States has some stragglers. Our Commission's study of what is ahead from now to 1975 made us feel that the industries depending on physics and chemical engineering are pretty far out in front of those that depend on metallurgy and the so-called earth sciences. But it is upon these latter that we must rely for increasing our supplies of natural resources and for making those supplies go further and serve better in use. It isn't just a question of money; our friends in England and Europe teach us that again and again : In the United States we pour out on research nearly $3 billion a year-and 60 cents out of each dollar is spent by Government--mostly by the Department of Defense. So it is a fair guess that a major part of this research is devoted to activities that consume materials-by burning them out or blowing them up— without sufficient balancing attention to programs that would keep up the supply and lower the cost. Right now we have nowhere a consciously designed broad gage program to meet the materials problem on all fronts. The Commission thinks it's high time we created such a program, and put it to work. Dr. Edward S. Mason, dean of the School of Public Administration, Harvard University; member of the Commission: I would say there is no such thing as an absolute shortage of materials. Within the confines of the free world, there's enough to go around, both now and 25 years from now-but the stuff is geographically so distributed that on one country can go it on its own Interdependence is not just a fancy idea. It is one of the hard facts of life. Take our own position. For some time now we have not been able to meet our own requirements from our own resources. We have been dependent on exports from other countries and the chances are we are going to become increasingly dependent as our demand increases. That is true even for such a basic resource as energy. William S. Paley, Chairman of the President's Materials Policy Commission; chairman of the board, Columbia Broadcasting System: Our commission came up with some sobering facts which translate into some sobering problems. If we are watchful and alert, we can meet these facts and we can solve these problems. The only cause for alarm would be if we closed our eyes to the threat of creeping scarcities and higher costs and pretended that the materials problem would somehow blow over. It won't. Short of a miracle, we must regard it as permanent, like the need for defense. It con Now the Government plays an important role on the resources front. trols much of the land on which materials can be found and grown. It is the largest purchaser and user of materials. And through the regulation of such matters as tariffs and taxes, it exercises a significant influence on the supply and costs of materials. A good many of our recommendations, therefor, call for legislative or administrative action by Government. It is our belief, however, that the main burden of protecting our capacity to keep on growing falls on the workings of our free-enterprise system. We of the Commission have faith in that system. We also have faith in the longterm future of freedom, both here and abroad. But this faith must be accompanied by foresight and action. At home we must strengthen our own resources position by ceasing to take our riches for granted and by looking ahead and applying our initiative and our inventiveness in anticipation of our great resource needs. Abroad we must make new and better arrangements for trade between ourselves and our friends and allies. The materials problem is tied to such termendous issues as lasting prosperity and the hope of peace-for our own and future generations. This is why the materials problem is everybody's problem. I hope you will make it yours. CONSERVATION BROADCASTS At the request of Senator Bible, of Nevada, the committee requested Mr. James Cagney to submit for the record as part of these hearings and as supple mental to his testimony script of his radio program entitled "Today and Tomorrow." This was a nationwide series of 13 broadcasts which were produced to promote conservation of our natural resources. They were presented and narrated by Mr. Cagney and sponsored by the Conservation Foundation and the National Broadcasting Co. as a public service. Mr. Cagney selected the following two scripts as typical of the whole series of programs: TODAY AND TOMORROW By Wade Arnold-a radio series presented by the National Broadcasting Co. and the Conservation Foundation EPISODE 1 JIM (tape). All right, now-you 6 boys, if you want, you go ahead and pull into this tent and the other 6 boys go ahead into the other tent. VOICE 1. You stay over there. I want to sleep over here. VOICE 2. No, I'm sleeping over here. VOICE 1. That' too bad. RONNIE. I think I asked you fellows to knock it off one time. CAGNEY. (chuckles). Sounds like a part I might play, doesn't it? This is James Cagney. Well, those young men weren't playing parts. They're realand we'll meet them again in a minute. But first, ladies and gentlemen-a man full of years and wisdom, Mr. Bernard Baruch. BARUCH (tape). Since our real wealth is drawn from the earth, in always limited quantities, as minerals, food, water, wood, and wildlife, destruction of the earth's surface and waste of its products have a cogent meaning that touches the life, today and tomorrow, of every human being. (MUSIC. Theme in quickly and under.) ANNOUNCER. Today and Tomorrow, presented by the National Broadcasting Co. and the Conservation Foundation. (Music: Up briefly and out.) And here again is your narrator, Mr. James Cagney. CAGNEY. Thank you. As Mr. Baruch just said, our real wealth is the land. Our inheritance, our habitat, the setting which sustains us. The waters, the soil, the forests-these three make the land. Today, our story concerns all three, and some children, and they're real too. (Establish buzz of children and under.) CHILD (tape). Tenth Street and Avenue D. CHILD 2. 164th Street and Trinity Avenue. CHILD 3. 137 Third Avenue. CHILD 4. Bainbridge Street between Chauncey and Decatur. CHILD 5. Amsterdam and Broadway. CHILD 6. Three Virginia Place in Brooklyn. (Sound of children up and out.) But CAGNEY. Yes, those are the voices of children, telling you where they live. you'd have guessed it, anyway-for theirs are the unmistakable accents of city streets. New York City streets. Harlem and Hell's Kitchen. The Lower East Side, and slums that follow the course of the old Third Avenue "L." But when you met these youngsters 1 recent August afternoon, they were 75 miles as the crow flies, and a distance beyond calculation in atmosphere and mood, from those home addresses they were just telling you. When they first arrive at this place, this is the kind of thing they say: CHILD (tape). Can I write a letter home to America? VOICE. But this is America. CHILD. No, but America's back in Brooklyn. CAGNEY. And another— CHILD 2 (tape). Gee, it took me longer to come here than it did to come from Puerto Rico. CAGNEY. They were at a camp-and those were their actual voices, just as we recorded them-on a thousand acres of meadow and slope and woodland in Dutchess County, up the Hudson River from New York. This is a new camp one of the newest to be built and run by the Fresh Air Fund, which for 75 summers now, has been giving thousands of city kids precious taste of countryside. These youngsters, and the land on which their new camp is located, have some thing in common. Neither the kids nor the land has had the best break in the world, and both need attention and loving care. We'll be rejoining the kids in a moment. But first, to find out about the land, let's sit on the floor, on the porch of one of the cabins, and listen to a man who knows, a man who is a native of these hills, and loves them, and now runs what they call the maintenance end of this new camping reservation. His name is Sam Collins. COLLINS (tape). Apparently this land was put under cultivation as far back as 1700. The stone fence you see here by the building was originally the boundary line between an apple orchard and a pasture. The site of the lake itself was originally meadowland and pastureland. CAGNEY. Sam Collins stood and raised his hand in a gesture that embraced a thousand acres. COLLINS (tape). On this tract of land at one time there were 7 farms-dairying, butter, cheese, etc., fruit such as grapes and apples. It seemed like a nice way of life, because most people left a small fortune to their children, heirs, as they sold their produce in the industrial town of Beacon. CAGNEY. Then, in a few words, this man gave you 100 years of history-a bleak recital which has become, in America, an all-too-frequent record of what we've done to our heritage, the soil. COLLINS (tape). Over a period of years, these farms ceased to pay, the farmers gradually moved away, the land was deserted and started going back to the Indians. At this time there was quite an amount of large timber which drew the interest of sawyers and sawmill operators, and they came in and timbered off the country, leaving it in very bad shape, which meant that roads became overgrown, streams became clogged and started to spread over meadowland and turn it into swamp, which laid the groundwork for a forest fire which we had about 22 years ago, starting about 2 miles west of here and wiping out this entire area, including most of the buildings that had been left standing on the land. It was just totally unusable. It wasn't any good to anyone. You can see that land that looked so worthless was a real challenge to people interested in conservation. CAGNEY. So it was a real challenge to the directors of the Herald Tribune Fresh Air Fund, when a distinguished New York surgeon and philanthropist, Dr. William Sharpe, gave them this wilderness 5 years ago, and told them it was theirs to use as refuge and escape for tenement-trapped kids, kids caught in the asphalt jungles, kids whose only playgrounds are the littered lots of Canarsie and Hell's Kitchen. I know something about such kids-I was a New York boy myself, not underprivileged, maybe, but not exactly overprivileged, either, and I know what they're up against. Well, with a thousand acres of Dutchess county to salvage and redeem, the men and women who run the Fresh Air Fund came up with a plan. You went to see the director, Frederick H. Lewis, and he told you about it. LEWIS (tape). One of the first moves that we made was to establish a working relationship with the Dutchess County Soil Conservation District, and their soil conservationist with the cooperation of the district office of the United States Soil Conservation Service, worked out a plan for this thousand acres, a plan which shows the areas which should be developed in contour strips, to be devoted to contour orchards, to be used for hay production and pasture, trees and shrubs, a wildlife sanctuary and lake area, as well as the area for the development of camp sites. CAGNEY. In other words, they want to save this land-and in the process, to save another resource, too. A human one. LEWIS (tape). The children the funds sends to camp are truly city bound children. They feel little sense of responsibility in connection with problems such as soil or water supply or sources of food. They have very little knowledge of the natural world, very little appreciation of the dependence of the city dweller on the fields and rivers and forests. CAGNEY. And that's why Frederick H. Lewis explained their philosophy like this: LEWIS (tape). The need for the understanding and practice of conservation is so great in the United States that the conservation movement needs all the partners it can get. On the shore of this lake, conservation projects are highly important. Particularly are they important in a camp for older boys and older girls, for often times the camps for these older teen-agers are dealing wtih highly volatile gang relationships. CAGNEY. What kind of relationships? Volatile? Explosive? Let's eavesdrop. RONNIE (tape). You fellows, straggling back there, Come on, get up the hill. VOICE 2. Always pushing us, always, eh? Hey, you, there! Yeah, you colored boy! VOICE 3. All right, I'm colored. So what? VOICE 2. Well, I don't like it. I might just do something about it. CAGNEY. In that little social exchange, just as we recorded it, were the real voices of boys who this summer spent 2 weeks on our thousand acres. When they first reach this place, fresh from the tensions of city streets, they're sometimes hostile to each other, and sullen, resentful of their leaders. JIM (tape). Let's get up the hill. We have a lot of work to do up there getting the camp. VOICE 1. Work? Who wants to work? I came up here for a vacation. VOICE 3. Yeah, let's go swimming. JIM. All right, now-you 6 boys, if you want, you go ahead and pull into this tent and the other 6 boys go ahead into the other tent. RONNIE. Will you come here with this group, please? We'll go together. All right, boys, take a bed, and relax. VOICE 1. You stay over there. I want to sleep over here. VOICE. 2. No, I'm sleeping over here. VOICE 1. That's too bad. JIM. All right, break it up, break it up. RONNIE. I think I asked you fellows to knock it off one time. VOICE 1. I'll knock him off, boy. I'll beat his brains in. VOICE 2. It'll take a bigger man than you to beat my brains in. CAGNEY. One night, during their first hours at camp, a couple of the boys intercepted Ken Williams, the camp director, in the dark. They'd decided he wasn't so tough, they told him-and what was he going to do about it? As Williams recalled the incident for us WILLIAMS (tape). Well, I hadn't bothered to tell the kids that for a time I had been a judo instructor in the paratroops, so I reached out my hand, and I said, "Well, perhaps we ought to shake hands to start with." CAGNEY. As for what happened during the next few seconds, here's Williams again, with a classic of understatement. WILLIAMS (tape). Both of them looked slightly surprised, and I got up and I said, "Well, shall we start all over again?" And the first one said, "No, that's enough, that's enough." It turned out that these two boys were rather high among boy gangs-one was president of one of the largest of New York's gangs and the other was secretary of war. CAGNEY. That judo demonstration, incidentally, was the beginning of a warm friendship—but ordinarily Williams and his councillors use considerably less strenuous ways to break the ice. JIM (tape). Now, fellows, we've got about 45 minutes before we go down and eat. Let's see, you're Bill, aren't you? BILL. Yes, that's me. JIM. Where you from, Bill? BILL. Brooklyn. JIM. Where are you from, Joe? JOE. Bronx. JIM. You're Bobby, aren't you? BOBBIE. That's right. JIM. Your name? JOE. Joe. JIM. All right, fellows. JOE. Don't you want to know where I'm from? JIM. Where you from, Joe? JOE. Manhattan. JIM. Good boy. O. K. BILL. What do you mean "good boy"? What's wrong with Brooklyn? |