The TVA is broadly oriented toward bringing about an adequate and complete development of the river system, hence primary attention has devolved upon water, for flood protection, navigation, and especially development for hydropower. More recently the power development aspect appears as greatly predominant, with not only water, but steam generated electricity, and atomic development rising to major status.

The Bureau of State Services of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare administers water pollution control enforcement measures.

The Weather Bureau of the Department of Commerce includes climatological and hydrologic surveys, reports, and forecasts on, among other items, precipitation, and floods.

The Coast and Geodetic Survey of the Department of Commerce provides basic data, some of it in chart form, much of it on water areas near shore, for engineering and scientific purposes for the development of natural resources and for commercial and industrial needs.

The St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, though concerned with transportation and power, may be thought of as having developed a water resource; indeed it is put in the land and water resources group by the budget. The International Joint Commission-United States and Canada, has the purpose of preventing disputes regarding the use of boundary waters, settling questions now pending and making provision for the adjustment and settlement of all such questions as may arise.

The International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico has jurisdiction to examine and decide questions arising on the fluvial boundary growing out of changes in the beds of boundary streams, works constructed in these streams, etc.

The Office of Technical Services of the Business and Defense Services Administration of the Department of Commerce, acts as a clearinghouse for technological information; in addition, the BDSA provides information and advisory services, some of which relate to regional resources such as to business and industry. II. STATE AGENCIES AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITIES RELATED TO EACH OF THE RESOURCES

It should first of all be noted that there simply are no adequate data available to provide a reasonably satisfactory answer to this aspect of natural resource development, conservation, and administration. Though the "Conservation Handbook" seems to have fairly adequate coverage of some parts of this field, we all know of regularly or occasionally active organizations which have escaped inclusion. This would apear to be the case particularly with respect to a growing number of industrial and business groups; the publications or activities by a department of any one of the States are likely to be noted." Natural resource activities of those private organizations which operate at the Washington level are fairly well known, for example the Chamber of Commerce of the United States.18

The diverse resource activities of "Resources for the Future, Inc.," are perhaps even more widely recognized. But how, except by accident, does one learn of resource interest or activity of Dun & Bradstreet 10 or the Southern Public Administration Research Council? 20

What it seems to boil down to is that a rapidly expanding population means continually increasing pressures both to exploit and to conserve our renewable and nonrenewable resources. It means increasing pressure and demand from a myriad of increasingly conservation-minded citizens for the adoption and implementation of a broader concept of resource use and development. It means multiple use management of many of these resources in the broadest sense in the interest of serving the needs of all our people. Many of these needs and aspirations are and will be increasingly in conflict with each other.

A good indication of the growing concern of the American people with the problems of natural resource use and development lies in the number of grass

17 For example, "Conservation Activities for Elementary Schools," Department of Natural Resources, State of California." 1957, 27 n.

18 "Conservation and Use of Natural Resources," 1959-60 Policy Declarations, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, 53 p. 19 "Land In Our National Economy," Roy A. Foulke, Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., New York, 1958. 79 p.

20 Natural Resources and An Informed Public," Robert B. Highsaw, University of Mississippi, 1953, 60 p.

root organizations concerning themselves with natural resource problems today. These take form in the numerous citizen, professional, and industrial organizations whose efforts are aimed at the securing of particular objectives in the overall realm of conservation. Informed and well-balanced judgment by both the Congress and the administration will be increasingly required to adequately and justly cope with these multiple and often conflicting pressures for special and particularized legislation to secure both the limited and broad conservation objectives of these grassroot conservation organizations.

The citizen, professional and industrial organizations, concerned with both limited and multiple aspects of resource conservation, operate at national, regional, State and local levels. The precise number of these privately sponsored citizen organizations is not readily determined. However, a reasonable estimate is that there are probably over a hundred national organizations working toward the conservation of one or more aspects of renewable national resources alone. There may be a third as many more regional organizations, over 200 additional State organizations, and below the State level-who can guess the number that are concerned with some aspect of renewable resources?

Organizational support for resource management and control at the State government level is being increasingly evidenced year by year. Twenty-nine States had conservation departments or the equivalent; an additional 17 States had State forest services, departments or commissions dealing with forestry and other related conservation activities; and 48 States had fish and game de partments, divisions or commissions by late 1958.

III. CURRENT AND PERIODIC REPORTS OF THE EXECUTIVE AGENCIES, AND THE STATE AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT BEARING ON COORDINATION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION

This problem broadly considered, is just a phase of the same problem faced by many others in even more restricted fields as to how to keep adequately aware of the multitudinous and multifarious work being done and reports published, even in one's speciality.

The horde of natural resource and conservation literature that it is possible for any one person alone to collect today defies that person's ability to read and analyze it. Any one collection is puny by comparison to the flood of conservation literature pouring out at a rapidly increasing rate from Federal, State, and private sources. Not all is profound, but it is nevertheless part of a growing groping for a handle with which to open the door to a more coordinated national effort in the conservation and resources field.

An astonishing amount of forest land has been denuded to supply the paper ammunition for the pros and cons of conservation and resource problems. A modern battleship might well flounder under the load of testimony printed by reason of Federal and State hearings, required by law, alone. There are more than 50 privately sponsored national and regional periodical conservation publications which discuss various aspect of the issues concerning the use and conservation of renewable national resources and twice as many State periodicals dealing solely with conservation matters. These do not include an even greater number of publications issued periodically by private organizations which are devoted to issues on public affairs generally but which take some part in conservation issues.

Clearly, there is no one place, no institution, nor any publication which collects, appraise, or even provides a listing of any considerable part of the official and unofficial published material in the broad field of natural resources and conservation. Fragments of the job are done here and there. Some of those fragments are mentioned below. One of the major problems is the nature of the field itself-not much of what is done is put out on natural resources as such, or on conservation, but on narrower subject-matter fields or problems areas, which may, of course, be wholly or only partly within the broad field being discussed here.

The Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications may be presumed to list all Federal publications in the field. An examination of the December 1959 issue of 531 pages, essentially an annual volume with index, shows that a comparatively short list of items are carried under either "Natural Resources" or "Conservation." Presumably this is because much material has been more narrowly classified.

Typed cards for books and important serial articles which in one of several ways come to the attention of the Service Librarian of the Legislative Reference Service, of the Library of Congress, are included in its Subject Card Index, which includes major headings of "Natural Resources" and "Conservation" as well as several other headings which narrow specializations within those broader fields. These cards are moderately annotated. This index includes cards back to 1956. The approximate number of cards accumulated under several headings by years in shown in table form below. It would appear that the number of items runs about 50 per week. New cards are circulated almost weekly within the Legislative Reference Service to subject-matter specialists likely to be interested in knowing about the new material. Though far from complete, this index has proven of great assistance to the individual researchers.

Natural resources-Estimated number of card citations in the Bibliographic Index (Legislative Reference Service)

The Subject Index of the Library of Congress provides in book form, annually after 1954, the list of all items cataloged.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture also publishes a list of its accessions, which includes both Federal and State material falling in the natural resourcesconservation field. It seems likely that other specialized subject-matter libraries (such as that of the Geological Survey) do maintain such lists for internal use if not for publication.

On rare occasions an extensive but specialized bibliography is released from an unanticipated source. An example is: "A Conservation Bibliography" prepared by the staff of the Army Library for the Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering, January 1959, processed, 21 pages.

The Department of Agriculture is the only agency maintaining project files on agricultural research. The Central Project Office file does not record any reference to reports based on the projects, apparently because the Forest Service and other services of the Department have extensive scientific information activities. However, the State experiment station division of the agricultural research service does maintain a file in Washington of current research and development projects at the State experiment stations and State agricultural colleges. A list of all federally supported agricultural research projects under the Federal-grant program is published biennally with classification into 27 subject-matter areas, with notation of any published documents.

Some regional bibliographies contain much relevant to natural resources and conservation. A good example is "Arctic Bibliography," currently maintained, carefully annotated and indexed. It has now appeared in several volumes, covering in total more than 40,000 items.

The biological sciences which are commonly thought of as in part covering natural resources and conservation, have for years been rather well taken care of in "Biological Abstracts." More recently, the Bio-Science Information Exchange was organized in 1953. It is an independent establishment located in Washington, D.C., administratively attached to the Smithsonian Institution. It maintains an index of current research projects in the biological and medical sciences.

Finally, it should be noted that the National Science Foundation has by law been given an important information function which, though much broader than natural resources and conservation, surely must include large parts of those fields.

Dr. Alan T. Waterman, Director of the National Science Foundation, has stated:

"Within the NSF a clearinghouse has been established where a scientist can write, telephone, or visit to obtain information on current unclassified research supported with Government funds and also be given information on report literature pertaining to his interests."

19 21

National Defense Education Act of 1958 (Public Law 85-864), title IX, provides that the National Science Foundation, through a Science Information Service shall (1) provide, or arrange for the provision of, indexing, abstracting, translating, and other services leading to a more effective dissemination of scientific information, and (2) undertake programs to develop new or improved methods, including mechanized systems, for making scientific information available.

This was followed by a report, as of December 7, 1958, of the President's Science Advisory Committee and a covering White House statement which placed emphasis on the coordination of scientific information as it concerns published documents:

"Acting upon recommendations of his Science Advisory Committee, the President directed the National Science Foundation to take the leadership in bringing about effective coordination of the various scientific information activities within the Federal Government"

"The Committee urged that the fullest use be made of existing information services, both public and private, and that the Foundation's Science Information Service supplement rather than supplant present efforts."

In order to assist in activating the directive, the Foundation established an interdepartmental committee, the Federal Advisory Committee on Scientific Information (FACSI), which met four times in 1959. Briefly, its role is to consult with and make recommendations to the Foundation's Science Information Service on policies and programs for effecting coordination of activities of Federal agencies in the field of scientific information. The October 1959 meeting in particular gave attention to the formulation of Federal policies for support of abstracting and indexing services.

The NSF has published some pamphlets on scientific information activities of Federal agencies; the Office of Naval Research and some parts of the Department of Commerce (including the Office of Technical Services) have been covered in those noted.

But perhaps we should think of the NSF as still trying to find ways and means of doing the very large informational job. Recently it announced several grants and contracts in support of scientific information, one of which was $159,200 to Western Reserve University for a test program for evaluating procedures for exploitation of metallurgical literature.

In view of the fact that no Federal information agency has yet found it possible apparently to achieve comprehensive coverage of this very broad and differentially active field, though several agencies have managed to put together special tools which in some degree meet their particular needs, it does not appear feasible to attempt here to present a roster or extended list of significant regular reports which should be taken into account.

Rather, it may be suggested that the annual reports of the departments and agencies discussed under section I of this memorandum should be regularly consulted, depending, however, in considerable degree on the particular interests and problems of the persons involved. To that may be added a rather useful check source for finding out about the more specialized or occasional reports, i.e., the list of representative publications of the particular departments and agencies shown in appendix B of the U.S. Government Manual.

One major difficulty with the above-mentioned annual reports and list of representative publications is that the information is already no longer very new. How does one keep up-more or less currently-with important output? It is a major dilemma for most or all persons seriously involved with any large segment of the field. Some sources from which it has been found possible to glean essential or helpful current material are

(a) The daily or monthly summaries put out by some or most of the departments and agencies of released materials, etc. Examples are The Daily Summary of the USDA and the monthly Reclamation Era of the Bureau of Reclamation.

21 Testimony before the Subcommittee on Executive and Legislative Reorganization, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Jan. 16, 1958.

(b) The regular or occasional newsletters of interested organizations. Examples are the excellent coverage of certain fields provided by the Conservation News and the Conservation Report of the National Wildlife Federation, the Western Water News of the Water Economics Committee of the Irrigation Districts Association of California, and What Is Happening in Forestry, a fortnightly letter by Albert G. Hall.

These publications commonly pick up particularly pertinent current material, not only on the Washington level but from the regions and States. Other lessspecialized organizations, such as Resources for the Future, Inc., and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, some of the farm organizations, etc., rather regularly provide information on current publications, resolutions, points of view, etc. But there is at present no easy way of doing it.