fall of 1923 Director Moyer, with Mr. Dennis A. Dooley, supervisor of university extension classes, saw the utility of radio for purposes of sound instruction, and devised a plan for broadcasting university lectures. It was arranged with G. H. Jaspert, director of station WBZ, Westinghouse Electric Co., to broadcast through that station. The following courses have been given: Household management; radio reception for amateurs; music appreciation; contemporary American literature; short story writers; French lessons; and the making of a music lover. These courses were given largely by members of the faculties of universities, colleges, and public schools. There were from 8 to 10 lectures in each course, with a total of 1,636 students enrolled. An enrollment fee is charged each student, the purpose being to aid in defraying expenses. This matter was arranged in the following manner: Those who desired to receive mimeographed study material and to do the prescribed assignments of study and reading, and receive a special radio certificate, sent an enrollment fee of $1 to the Department of Education, Boston. Paid enrollments have been received from Canada and from more than one-half of the States of the American Union. They came from as far west as the Rocky Mountains, and as far north as Newfoundland and Labrador. The director states that the experiment is entirely satisfactory, that the work will be continued, and that new courses will be planned to meet developing interests. Among the new courses planned to begin soon after the report was made are: Chief English writers of our day, French conversation and literature, and business psychology. The director further states that there are undoubtedly tremendous possibilities in this method of providing education for adults who want an education, and broadcasting courses will become a significant part of the work done by the Massachusetts Department of Education.

The beginning that has been made in giving courses by radio indicates the possibilities for service in this direction. It is evident from the experiments made that lecture courses, foreign languages, social sciences, and other courses of a similar nature can easily be given by this method, which combines the lecture with written reports. The experience which we have had in this connection indicates that in the future the lecturer may have thousands of students in his classes. This type of work is not confined to universities and colleges. A prominent pastor of one of the Dallas (Tex.) churches now has more than 25,000 students enrolled in his Sunday school lecture class, to whom he lectures every Sunday afternoon from 6 to 7.

A course in real estate is offered by the correspondence study department of the University of Southern California. This course

was adopted by the State Real Estate Association; 58 classes have been organized to pursue the work.

An institute of one week is held in the University of Washington in which graduate medical lectures by the most noted physicians of America and England are given for the benefit of the physicians of the State. In like manner a graduate nurses' institute of intensified advanced instruction is given for graduate nurses each year. The University of North Carolina offers graduate medical lectures in various communities of the State throughout the summer months. These institutes may be secured by any community in which a sufficient number of physicians desire to secure such lectures and will pay the necessary fee. The work is entirely self-supporting and the university secures for this service outstanding authorities in the United States. The movement has been eminently successful in North Carolina.

Another type of extension service in which North Carolina has taken a position of leadership is the work of the Bureau of Community Drama, working in cooperation with the Carolina Playmakers. The latter is an organization of students and faculty in the University of North Carolina. The purpose of the playmakers is to produce plays as a part of the work in English in the university, and to stimulate the development of play writing of local flavor throughout the State. The purpose of the Bureau of Community Drama is to assist communities in staging native Carolinian plays. Contests in playwriting and playproduction are held and Statewide awards made on the basis of the best production and the best performance. The work has proved eminently successful in that State.

EXTENSION ACTIVITIES WORKING IN CLOSE COOPERATION WITH THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS

An interesting phase of university extension development has been the tendency in certain quarters to work through the public schools, or to cooperate with them in the solution of some of their problems. The director of extension in the University of Virginia reports that "the most outstanding development in the past two years has been in the high-school league, which has extended its activities and effected its organization for the conduct of athletic and literary contests throughout the State." An example of this type of service which has attracted considerable notice throughout the country is found in the University Interscholastic League Bureau of the division of extension of the University of Texas. The work is in the nature of an extension service offered to the schools of the State by the university. Rules and regulations governing the 28 different contests have been worked out, and the conduct of the league is in the hands of an executive committee composed of members of the faculty, appointed annually by the president of the

university. Schools joining the league agree to abide by the rules and regulations and the decisions of the executive committee in all matters of dispute. Member schools pay a graduated fee ranging from $1 to $8, depending upon the size and classification of the school.

There is a county executive committee in each county, and a district executive committee in each of the 32 districts into which the counties are grouped. These committees pass on matters of eligibility with respect to their territory, conduct county and district meets, etc.

The winners in the various events in the county meet represent the county in the district meet, and the winners in the district meets in general are brought to Austin in May of each year for the final State championship contests. The pupils are divided into various groups on the basis of schools and ages, and contests are held according to certain eligibility requirements, one of which is that a pupil must be a bona fide student and must be passing in at least threefourths of his work before being allowed to participate in the contests. Contests are conducted in football, basket ball, track and field events, tennis, debate, declamation, essay-writing, music memory, spelling, journalism, and arithmetic.

Each of the various contests-local, county, district-represents eliminations and the selection of winners for the next higher contest. The winners in the State contests are given the title of champions for the State, and are awarded suitable trophies. Approximately 4,000 schools are annually enrolled in the league. Many thousands of students participate in local, county, and district meets, bringing to the schools hundreds of thousands of parents and stimulating an interest not only in these activities, but in the work of the school in general. Approximately 1,200 boys and girls are active participants in the final State meet. The benefits to the State in raising the standard of scholarship for athletes, and in stimulating better scholarship and educational activities in literary events, have been outstanding.

Another type of extension service in the University of Texas, which works directly through the public schools, is the nutrition and health education program. This program includes two aspects: (a) School-health programs are fostered through the organization of what is known as the Health and Happiness League. Publicschool classes become members of this league upon the payment of a nominal fee, and the teachers of the classes agree to use graded lessons on health habits and how to form them, which are furnished to the teachers weekly by the bureau during the school year. (b) A nutrition and health education institute is held each year in connection with the Texas State Teachers' Association meeting, and to this are brought some of the leading authorities on health education in the United States. The bureau also conducts conferences

and furnishes suggestions on health habits and their formation to organizations and individuals throughout the State. Special lectures on health work are provided, and club programs on health education are furnished the club women through the cooperation of the package loan library bureau. Posters and exhibit material are furnished to community, county, and sectional fairs throughout the State.

A unique feature of the health program is the conducting of an experiment in rat feeding, which is carried on in the grades of the public schools under the direct supervision of a nutrition specialist from the university. This experiment has stimulated interest in the work and has been beneficial to communities in which it has been held.

There is a well-marked tendency in certain extension divisions, including the University of Texas, to direct the activities of the visual instruction work in the line of service to public schools in classroom teaching. Films and slides of an educational nature are provided and are sent out to schools desiring to use them in connection with their class instruction. The slide service has been particularly helpful in Texas, where sets of slides worked out on a given topic, with a view to their use in classes in geography, history, nature study, literature, architecture, etc., have been made available. An effort has been made to secure pictures of Texas wild flowers, birds, farm life, and shipping. Various phases of Texas industrial activities, points of historical interest, types of Spanish architecture, etc., have all furnished material for slides. Material has not only been furnished in this way, but an effort has been made to develop technique for its use in the classroom. Reports indicate that the effort has been quite successful.

The extension division of the University of Oklahoma reports a program of tests and measurements, conducted in the public schools, which has stimulated an interest in the test and measurement movement and a knowledge of how to use tests to advantage in the solution of administrative and classroom problems.

The University of North Carolina is fostering a movement, which gives much promise, of furnishing from the university well-trained instructors in education who organize classes in the various communities of the State for the benefit of public school teachers and others interested in the study of education. Practical courses, which the teachers and administrators may use in their daily work, are given, and thus the most advanced thought in educational practice. is passed directly to the teachers and school officials. A new organization of this sort in the University of Louisiana has had encouraging success during the last year, and points the way to still greater service in this direction.

The "package library service" in several States is finding its greatest field of usefulness through the public schools. Lists of sub

jects on which package libraries are available are sent to teachers of English, and from these lists subjects are assigned to pupils for composition work. Pupils secure the package libraries from the university and work out the material for the composition. Such service is of special benefit in those States where public libraries have been slow of development.

Several extension divisions conduct school surveys and school studies. In some cases the study is limited to a single system of schools, and in others it extends to the schools of an entire county. The benefits to the communities studied are unquestionable. They, moreover, stimulate a closer study of school conditions throughout the State.

IV. EXTENSION PRACTICES AND EFFORTS AT STANDARDIZATION

Several studies have been made of practices throughout the country with respect to various aspects of extension work. The most comprehensive one was the study made by a committee appointed at the St. Louis meeting of the National University Extension Association in 1923. The report of this committee was made at the meeting of the association in Madison, Wis., May 8-10, 1924. The committee consisted of W. D. Henderson, director of extension, University of Michigan, chairman; J. C. Egbert, director of extension, Columbia University; H. F. Mallory, director of extension, University of Chicago; W. H. Lighty, secretary of correspondence study, University of Wisconsin; and F. W. Reynolds, director of extension, University of Utah.

The full report of the committee has been published both in the Proceedings of the National University Extension Association, Madison, Wis., meeting of 1924, and also as a special bulletin published by the National University Extension Association. Only a very brief summary of the report will be given here.

The following summary is taken from the committee report:

(a) Institutions offering extension credit courses.—Practically all the educational institutions of university grade in this country now have more or less well-established extension divisions as a part of their regular university organization. The notable exceptions are Princeton, Cornell, Ohio State University, and the University of Illinois. It should be noted, however, that the last three institutions named have well-organized agricultural extension departments, but no extension divisions including all phases of academic university activities. Illinois offers a limited amount of extramural work by class instruction through the college of education only.

(b) Enrollment in university extension credit courses.-The enrollment in extension credit courses in the institutions enumerated in this report at the close of the last fiscal year was as follows: Extension credit courses, class instruction, 81,550; extension credit courses, correspondence study, 37,400; total enrollment (nearly), 119,000.