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shown in the Oakland investigation are that there were 44 probationoffice cases in six months; that 90 per cent of atypical children show some physical defect; 75 per cent are children of foreign parents; and 25 per cent have subnormal brothers or sisters. A few of the Oakland cases are given to illustrate the elements in the problem:

A FEW OF OAKLAND'S 1,250 DEFECTIVE CHILDREN.

Epileptic, bright, good, oldest of six children; one paralytic. Hereditary blood disease.

Father drinks, mother feeble-minded: children many and subnormal; utterly dirty and irresponsible.

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Bad tonsils, poor eyes. A good little business man. Tiny, monkeylike moron. Mother dying of syphilis. Drunken, careless parents. Extreme malnutrition. training.

Artistic Italian hands.
Ignorant Portuguese.
Being saved by manual

Colored, subnormal epileptic. Two epileptic truant brothers. tainted family.

Subnormal mother. Brutal father. Feeble-minded sister.

Careless.

Father alcoholic, tuberculous. Father's sister epileptic. Child deformed, epileptic.

The Sonoma State Home showed samples of work done at the home-water-color work, embroidery, furniture, chairs, tables, baskets, etc.-to indicate both the possibilities and the limitations of usefulness in atypical children. One motto read: "You will find perfect work in every other exhibit of the exposition. IIere is the imperfection of subnormality. Only showing you the rough, awkward work will make you understand our difficulties."

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The other side of the California motion-picture booth, showing Chico, Santa Barbara, and other normal schools.

Under the heading "What California needs to protect its babies," the following program was laid down:

Psychological examination of all immigrants.

Commitment laws for feeble-minded, like that for insane.
Legal restriction of marriage.

Any one too feeble-minded to support himself.

Any one venereally diseased.

Any moron, insane, or epileptic, unless sterilized.

Any tuberculous, alcoholic, or drug user, unless cured. Revision of school law.

Expel all feeble-minded.

Form more special classes.

Institutions needed.

Colony for moron girls at Sonoma State Home.

Centrally located colony for epileptics.

Centrally located colony for moron boys.

Institution for feeble-minded in southern California.

In the California building.—A section of the county displays in the California building was devoted to school work. The Sacramento elementary schools were represented by exhibits of practical manual training. One of the features was a completely furnished bedroom, in which "every article displayed was the work of boys and girls of Sacramento elementary schools "--fifth, sixth, and seventh grades. The dress on the young lady in the model room exhibited was made in the Sacramento city high school at a cost of $5. The exhibit also contained a miniature five-room bungalow constructed by children in the elementary grades of the Sacramento schools. Thus the bedroom rugs were made by third-grade pupils; the lamp by fourth-grade pupils; bedding and curtain by fifthgrade girls; the pictures by fifth-grade boys; the baby's bed by sixth-grade girls; furniture by eighth-grade boys.

Several relief maps were exhibited, including those of Sacramento Valley and of the State of California-all the work of pupils. The display of manual-training products emphasized the practical value of the work. A large case contained the various articles of apparel produced in order in the two-year sewing course of the Red Bluff Union High School.

The San Joaquin Valley display showed manual-training products consisting of benches, tables, chairs, davenports, desks, mirrors, picture frames, toys, lamps, desk sets; and the work of the art departments crayon, pencil, pen-and-ink, and water-color pictures; together with domestic-science products.

ILLINOIS.

In planning the Illinois education exhibit six units of the school system were selected to indicate the range of the educational institutions of the State. One example of each unit was shown in the

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Part of the Illinois exhibit, showing model under glass of the buildings of the University of Illinois. Model of the gymnasium in a separate case.

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form of a model, and the location of the other institutions of the State was indicated by maps. The units and the institutions selected as representative were as follows: One-room country school (crossroads school, Macon County); consolidated school (Rollo); township high school (La Salle-Peru); normal school (Illinois Normal University); college (Knox College); university (University of Illinois).

The one-room rural schoolhouse, shown complete in a large model, illustrated the high standard of excellence now established for rural schools in Illinois. Nearly 2,000 such schools in the State have already attained this standard. The two models of the consolidated elementary school and the township high school afforded actual examples of the methods whereby country boys and girls have the same educational opportunities as city pupils, retaining the advantage of rural environment. The Knox College model illustrates a type of institution in which Illinois is especially rich, having 17 such colleges enrolling 6,859 students. The central model of the exhibit shows the State university, enrolling over 6,000 students, and ministering to various types of higher education-professional, commercial, and industrial. All the models were faithful reproductions of actual schools, chosen as typical units. Hundreds of other schools were shown in photographs which covered the walls and filled the display cases.

INDIANA.

"Rural school consolidation is the theme of the education exhibit of the State of Indiana." Through contrasting models, photographs, and stereomotograph views, the point was reiterated that consolidation of country schools results in better schools and better teachers, reduced cost of maintenance, improved attendance, and a finer community life.

The following statistics were presented to show the progress of consolidation in Indiana between 1910 and 1914:

Number of consolidated elementary schools__.
Number of consolidated high schools.

Number of consolidated combined elementary and high schools___

Total number of consolidated schools__

Number of pupils transported to consolidated schools____
Total cost of transportation_‒‒‒‒

Average cost of transportation per pupil transported_____
Number of pupils enrolled in consolidated schools____.
Percentage of the total number of pupils enrolled in all

rural schools in consolidated schools‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒per cent__

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