Printing invented by Faust. 1441 A Latin Bible, the first book printed from type 1450 Electricity discovered 1467 Almanacs first published in Germany 1470 Violins and watches invented. 1477 Tobacco first discovered in St. Domingo ...... Needles first made in England by a native of India Fans first used in England.. Coaches first introduced into England Telescopes invented in Germany. Tea first brought into England from China Coining with a die first practised.. Steam-engine invented by Savary Thermometers first invented by Drebel, a Dutchman Microscopes first used 1621 Coffee first brought into England Air-guns invented 1646 Railroads first used near Newcastle upon Tyne. 1650 Air-pumps invented ..... 1654 Clocks with pendulums first invented about 1656 Chain-shot invented by Admiral De Witt. 1660 Knives first made in England 1663 Fire-engines invented 1663 Barometers invented. 1670 Guineas coined in England from gold brought from Guinea 1673 Daguerreotype or photogenic drawing invented Postage reduced to one penny. 1807 1812 1831 1839 1840 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. THE surface of the earth is naturally divided into land and water. The surface of water is nearly twice as large as the surface of land. LAND. The land has two divisions. Its political divisions are into Empires, Kingdoms, and Tributary or Independent States. Its natural divisions are into Continents, Capes or Promontories, Coasts or Shores. A continent is the largest division of land. The continent of America is in other respects an island. The continent of Europe and Asia has no natural separation. An island is a portion of land surrounded by water. A peninsula is a tract of land almost surrounded by water. A cape or promontory is a point of land jutting into the sea. An isthmus is a neck of land joining two portions of land together. A coast or shore is the line of land which borders the sea. An ocean is the greatest division of water. A sea is a smaller collection of salt water. A river is a stream of fresh water, composed of smaller streams or rivulets, which flows into a lake, sea, ocean, or into some other river. A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. Large salt water lakes are called seas, as the Caspian and Aral. A gulf is a body of water almost surrounded by land. A bay is an open piece of water running slightly into the land. A creek is a narrow inlet. A strait is a narrow passage of water uniting two seas. A frith or estuary is the union of the mouths of several rivers near the sea or ocean. Beautiful, beau or belle, as Beau- | Opposite, anti, as Antipatros. lieu, Belleisle. Bent, wich, as Greenwich, Nor wich. Broad, brad, as Bradford. East,oster, as Osterfeld, Estriche. Great, mawr, as Penmaenmawr. Old,alt, as Althorpe, Aldborough. Pupils will readily supply other instances. APPENDIX,-SCIENCES. DEFINITIONS OF THE SCIENCES. 305 ACOUSTICS, from akouō, to hear, treats of the nature and laws of sound. ALGEBRA, from the Arabic, signifying the and consolidation. Arithmetic in which quantities are represented by letters instead of by figures. ANATOMY, from ana, through, and temno, I cut. The examination of the structure and functions of animal bodies by dissection. ASTROLOGY, from astron, a star, and logos, a discourse. A science founded on falsehood, whose professors pretended to foretel events by the stars. ASTRONOMY, from astron, a star, and nomos, a law, treats of the heavenly bodies, their size, motions, eclipses, and of the laws which regulate them. BOTANY, from botanē, a plant, treats of the vegetable kingdom, the properties of its various productions, and their classification. CHEMISTRY, from the Arabic kimia, the secret art, teaches to analyse and to combine all material bodies so as to ascertain the simple elements of which bodies are composed, and to produce new combinations. CHROMATICS, from chroma, colour. That division of optics which explains the properties of colours. CONCHOLOGY, from conke, a shell, and logos, a discourse, treats of shells. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, from kruos, frost, and graphe, a writing, treats of the forms and structure of crystals. DYNAMICS, from dunamis, power. That branch of mechanics which treats of the action of forces which give motion to solid bodies. ELECTRICITY, from elektron, amber, treats of the phenomena of the electrical fluid, and of the laws which govern it. ENTOMOLOGY, from entoma, insects, and logos, a discourse. The branch of natural history which treats of insects. ETHICS, from ethos, manners. The branch of knowledge which treats of our duties. GEOGRAPHY, from ge, the earth, and graphe, a writing, is a description of the surface of the earth, its natural and political divisions, and the state of its inhabitants. GEOLOGY, from ge, the earth, and logos, a discourse, treats of the structure and changes of the body of the earth, and the classification of its component parts. |