ANIMAL KINGDOM. Mammalia.-Orders 1, 2, 3. MILK-GIVING animals compose the first class of the first sub-kingdom. The young of these animals are brought forth alive, and are nourished by their mothers' milk till they can obtain food for themselves, or are supplied, as is the case with domestic animals, by man. Certain important differences give rise to their division into nine orders, viz. Two-handed animals; Four-handed animals; 3 Killing animals; Pouched animals; Gnawing animals; Front-teethless animals; 6 7 Thick-skinned 1 4 Cud-chewing animals; and 9 Whale-like In the first order, there is but one animal, and that is, Man. Four-handed animals,-Monkeys, apes, baboons, and other similar animals, compose the second order of suckgivers. They are remarkably distinguished from all other animals of the class, by having four hands instead of feet; that is, the toes, or what would be called toes in other quadrupeds, are very long and flexible; and the great toe can be opposed to the other four: it is therefore a thumb, and the whole instrument is much better adapted for seizing and holding, than for walking. Killing animals.-The animals of the third order are distinguished principally by their feeding on other animals, and are hence called killers. The lower jaw is Orders of Mammalia. 1. Bimána, from bis, two, and manus, a hand. 2. Quadrumána, quadrimanus, having four hands. 3. Carnária, carnarius, a butcher. 4. Marsupiália, marsupium, a pouch or bag. 5. Rodéntia, rodo, to gnaw. 6. Edentáta, edentatus, without teeth. 8. Ruminantia, from rumino, to chew 9. Cetácea, KηTelos, partaking of the character of a whale. united to the head by a hinge-like joint, which does not permit of a motion on either side; they do not, therefore, grind their food, but simply cut it into small pieces by means of their sharp teeth, which act against each other like the two blades of a pair of scissors. The toes are armed with sharp claws, which blunt their sensibility, but enable them to clutch their prey. and, 12 The killers are divided into three tribes, viz. 10 Handwinged animals, or bats; "Insect-devourers, including the hedgehog, shrew, Russian musk rat, and the mole; Flesh-eaters. This last tribe is again divided into three families, viz. 13 Foot-walkers; 14 Toe-walkers; and, 15 Amphibious animals. The foot-walkers plant the whole sole of the foot on the ground in walking; bears, racoons, and badgers belong to this family. The toewalkers are so called from their walking on the ends of their toes; the pole-cat, marten, shunk, otter, dog, civet, genet, hyena, and lion, belong to the different genera in this family. and The different kinds of seals, the sea-lion, sea-bear, sea-cow, form the last family of flesh-eaters. These animals pass the greater part of their time in water, never landing except for the purpose of basking in the sun, and suckling their young. Their feet are so short, and so enveloped in the skin, that the only service they can render them on land is to enable them to crawl; but they are excellent oars, and in this, as well as in other respects, these animals are adapted to the element in which they principally live. 10. Cheiroptera, xɛɛp, a hand,and πTeρov, a wing. 11. Insectívora, insecta, insects, and voro, to devour. 12. Carnívora, caro, flesh, and voro, to devour. 13. Plantigráda, planta, the sole of the foot, and gradus, a step. 14. Digitigráda, digitus, a finger, and gradus, a step. 15. Amphibia, audi, both, aud Bios, life. The use of classification is to assist the memory, and to enable us, by knowing the class and order to which an animal belongs, to know its conformation, habits, food, and various other particulars respecting it. D ENGLAND. Tudor Princes. HENRY the Seventh began his reign in 1485. To Henry, in a great measure, is owing the present civilized state of the English nation. He weakened the power of the barons, first by allowing the sale of their estates, and then by forbidding them to clothe their vassals in livery. He also greatly restrained the power of the clergy by insisting that thieves and murderers who had taken refuge in monasteries, should, for a second offence, be delivered up to justice. This was, proEnglish navy. a fleet, he was In this king's reign was built a large ship of war, called the Great Harry, of a thousand tons. perly speaking, the first ship in the Before this time, when the king wanted obliged to hire ships from the merchants. Henry the Seventh died in 1509. 2 His son, Henry the Eighth, began to reign at the age of eighteen. He was a haughty, stern, hard-hearted, and tyrannical king. He had six wives. One died a natural death; he was divorced from two, cut off the heads of two others, and one outlived him. 5 The reign of Henry the Eighth was chiefly remarkable on account of the Reformation in England. By this term is meant the substitution of the Protestant 'religion instead of the Roman Catholic. Until this period, the pope of Rome had claimed authority over England. But Henry the Eighth took all the power to himself. If any of his subjects dared to have a religion unlike the king's, they were either beheaded or burnt. 1. Vide Root. 2. Jane Seymour, mother of Edward the Sixth. 3. Catherine, his brother's widow. mother of Queen Mary; and Anne of Cleves. 4. Anne Boleyn, mother of Queen Elizabeth and Catharine Howard. 5. Catharine Parr. 6. The name given to reformers, in 1528, protesting against decrees of Charles V, in Germany. 7. About 300 persons were burned, among others, Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, Ridley, bishop of London, Latimer, bishop of Worcester, and Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury. The tyrant died in 1547, at the age of fifty-six. One of his last acts was to cause the earl of Surrey to be beheaded, although he was guilty of no crime; and with that 'innocent blood upon his soul, king Henry the Eighth was summoned to the judgment-seat. His son, Edward the Sixth, was but nine or ten years old when he ascended the throne. He was a fine and promising boy, but lived only to the age of sixteen. The doctrines of Protestantism were now preached openly; the Scriptures were read generally to the people in the churches; and the Reformation, chiefly under the direction of Cranmer, was carried forward and completed. His sister Mary succeeded him, in 1553. She bears the dreadful title of Bloody Queen Mary. The execution of Lady Jane Grey, who, against her will, had been declared heir to the throne, was one of her earliest acts of cruelty, and it excited universal compassion. Being a Roman Catholic, she determined to put down the Protestants, and caused persons to be burnt alive who denied the authority of the pope. Many bishops and godly ministers thus perished at the stake. But, even in the midst of the flames, they were happier than Queen Mary. It seemed as if a fire were consuming her miserable heart. She knew that every body hated her, and, after a reign of only five years, she died of mere trouble and anguish. GEOGRAPHICAL.Write the names of the principal places in the following counties Bedfordshire Norfolk Circuit. Cambridgeshire Suffolk Norfolk What are the principal productions of the following counties?—Staffordshire, Yorkshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Somersetshire, Derbyshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, and Durham. CHRONOLOGICAL.-Henry VII.-America discovered, 1492. Cape of Good Hope passed by Vasco da Gama. Henry VIII.-Bible first translated into English, 1539. James IV. of Scotland, invading England, slain at Flodden in Northumberland, 1513. Martin Luther and Cardinal Wolsey. Edward VI.-Sir H. Willoughby tried to discover a N.E. passage to China in 1553. Mary.-Calais, the last possession of the English in France, lost, 1558. MECHANICS. Properties of Matter and Laws of Motion. MATTER, in whatever form it is found, has certain characteristics which are called its essential properties:-they are impenetrability, extension, form, divisibility, inertia, and attraction. These properties are evident as soon as the terms are explained. If we take, for instance, an orange, it is evident that the space it occupies cannot be occupied by any other body at the same time-it must occupy a certain space; this property is called impenetrability. Its extension is shown by its possessing length, breadth, and thickness. These again, prove it to have some shape or form. Its divisibility is its obvious capability of being cut or otherwise separated into parts. Its tendency to remain where placed, or to go on when in motion, (that is to resist any change from its present state, either of rest or motion,) is called its inertia; and its attraction is shown by all its particles or atoms holding or keeping together. All this is equally true of any material body whatever, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral. Inertia being the property by which bodies resist motion, and all bodies having this property, it follows that some kind of force must be applied to put any body into motion. 1 Gravitation is a force which tends to draw all bodies to the earth; cohesion draws their particles together; and heat is a force which drives them asunder, as when it separates the particles of the candle into gases and carbon, or water into vapour and steam. 1 The rate at which a body moves, is called its velocity; and its velocity multiplied by its weight, gives its momentum. This may be illustrated by comparing the stroke of the ancient massive battering-ram, used by the Romans. at Jerusalem and elsewhere, to the blow of the modern |