RAILROADS OF MICHIGAN.

ASSETS.

LIABILITIES.

Dividends.

CANALS. The State owns but one canal, and that a short (three-quarters of a mile in length) but a very important one,-the ship-canal around St. Mary's Falls,-which permits the passage of large steamers and sailing-vessels between Lake Michigan and Lake Superior.

EDUCATION.-Michigan has a State University amply endowed, and having not only faculties of the arts and sciences such as are usually found in colleges in this country, but also a corps of medical and legal professors, and faculties of the higher sciences and the fine arts. No one of the State universities has so large an endowment or so complete an organization as this. The instruction is free, a matriculation fee of $10 only being required upon entering the university, but no further payment being asked, however extended the course of study pursued by the student. The astronomical observatory attached to the university has already attained reputation by the important researches and discoveries it has made. Besides the university, there are three other colleges in the State,-Kalamazoo College, under the direction of the Baptists, for male students only, Albion College, at Albion, under the direction of the Methodists, and Hillsdale College, at Hillsdale, under the control of the Free-will Baptists: the two latter admit students of both sexes. There is a Baptist theological seminary at Kalamazoo, and, as already noticed, a medical school and a law school connected with the University. The State has also made provision for an Agricultural College, and funds have been furnished and lands granted in the vicinity of Lansing for its farm and endowment; buildings have also been erected, at a cost of about $20,000. In 1861 its supervision was transferred from the Board of Education to the State Board of Agriculture,-organized that year, but no report had been made by that board prior to Dec. 1862.

inspectors, 7429; certificates granted, 6629; meetings of boards of inspectors, 3090; inspectors' visits to schools, 4703; volumes in district libraries, 103,747; volumes in township libraries, 57,982; whole number of volumes in libraries, 161,729; number of township libraries in 1860, 178; of district libraries, 2287. Value of school-houses and sites, $1,710, 34 35. Average wages per month paid to male teachers, $26 06; average wages per month paid to female teachers, $13 52. Raised by district tax to pay teachers, $88,989 43. Voted for libraries from two-mill tax, $3,058 04. Total attendance upon teachers' institutes, 1073. Primaryschool interest fund, apportioned, $103,457 30. Received for the tuition of scholars non-resident in the districts, $11,361 73. Raised by district taxes, $329,463 81; two-mill tax, $278,350 68. Received from fines, &c., library fund, rate-bills, $56,469 29. Amount paid from township funds to inspectors, $8,452 53. Total, $795,149 34. Paid to male teachers, $248,797 11; to female teachers, $251,256 55: total, $500,053 66. Paid for building and repairing school-houses, $122,715 52; on past indebtedness, $61,488 79; for inspectors' services, $8,452 30; for books for libraries, $10,651 94; for contingent expenses, payment of district officers, fuel, &c., $91.787 13. Total, $795,140 34.

1852.

State Normal School at Ypsilanti, A. S. Welch, Principal.-This institution was opened in Oct., It has an experimental school connected with it, limited to 50 pupils. The number of pupils in the Normal School in January, 1862, was 283. There are 11 teachers. The course of study comprises instruction in Latin, Greek, and French or German, as well as in the usual English branches, and methods of instruction. ceipts for the year, including $1246 for tuition in the experimental school, were $10,929 76; the expenditures, $10,799 90.

The re

Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, School Funds.-The State has three educational and the Blind, at Flint, Rev. B. M. Fay, Superinfunds, viz.:—the Primary School Fund, which in tendent.-This institution was first opened in hired 1861 amounted to $1,698,851 14; the University buildings in 1854, and the corner-stone of the Fund, amounting in 1861 to more than $500,000; building for the institution, intended to accomand the Normal School Fund, amounting to $19,-modate 350 pupils, was laid in July, 1857. The 679 47. All these funds are increased from time grounds comprise 33.5 acres. In 1861 there were to time by the sales of the remaining lands set 7 teachers, and 70 deaf-mute and 35 blind pupils. apart for their increase. The amount added by The expenditure was $7000. such sales to the different funds in 1861 was-to the Primary School Fund, $14,456 76; to the University Fund, $4,320; and to the Normal School Fund, $320.

Asylum for the Insane, at Kalamazoo, Dr. E. H. Van Deusen, Superintendent.-This Insane Hospital was opened in 1859. The grounds comprised 167.76 acres, and the State, to December, 1880, had end-appropriated $237,000 towards the building, which, however, was not completed till 1862. The number of patients in 1862 was 103, but we have no other statistics in relation to it.

Common Schools.-There were, in the year ing December 1, 1861, 4203 districts in the State, in 103 of which there were graded or union schools. Number of children between 5 and 20 years of age, 252,533. Whole number attending school, 202,504. Average number of months of school, 6.1. Number of qualified male teachers, 2326; female teachers, 5485: total number of teachers, 7811. Number of districts reporting no rate bill, 2004. Number of teachers examined by

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS. State Reform School, at Lansing, C. B. Robinson, Superintendent.

This institution was founded in 1853, and opened in 1856. There were remaining in the school. November 16, 1860, 126 white and 11 colored boys. During the year ending November 16, 1861, there

general prison and permitted to labor in the shops with the other prisoners, and the inspectors urge the necessity, if the plan of solitary confinement is to be continued, of having larger and lighter cells, with yards attached, for those prisoners. Of the convicts committed during the year, 89 were convicted of crimes against property. 15 of crimes against the currency, 29 of crimes against the person, and 7 of crimes against society. Twentythree were foreigners, and 117 natives of the United States; 37 were under 21 years of age. Two were sentenced for life, and 13 for ten years or more. From the opening of the prison in 1839, to the close of 1861, 2145 prisoners had been received, 1076 discharged by expiration of their sentence, 367 pardoned, 60 escaped, 96 died, and 12 had their sentences reversed.

Criminal Statistics.-The returns from the district attorneys of the several counties of the State show that during the year 1861, 1601 complaints were brought before the county courts, and 873 convictions were had; of the complaints, 555 were for offences against property, 654 for offences against the person, 187 for offences against society, and 169 for statutory offences.

The Geological Survey of the State.-In 1861, Mr. A. Winchell, the State geologist, made his first biennial report to the Governor of the geology of the State, and his associates, Mr. M. Miles, State zoologist, and N. H. Winchell, botanist, reported on the zoology and botany of the Lower Peninsula. Aside from its scientific importance, this report, which forms a volume of 339 pages, is replete with interest in its development in a prac

were received 54 white and 7 colored boys, and 2 girls, making the whole number under instruction during the year, 200. There were discharged or left the school in the course of the year, 49 white and 4 colored boys, and 2 girls, in all 55; and leaving in the school, November 16, 1861, 131 white and 14 colored boys, 145 in all. Of those discharged, 2 were apprenticed, 42 discharged as reformed, 4 pardoned by the Governor, 2 returned to parents, I sent to prison, 1 escaped, and 3 died. Of the 63 committed, 40 were orphans or halforphans, 21 had been addicted to the use of intoxicating drinks, 35 had been in jail from one to six times. 61 had been guilty of theft, 20 had vicious relatives. One hundred of the boys were employed in chair-making on contract; but the chair-shop was burned on the 29th of October. The receipts of the year were $12,849 84; the expenditures were $17,654 24, of which $2,351 74 was for improvements and repairs, leaving $10,302 50 as the amount of current expenses, or $73 07 per inmate per annum. The school is under the supervision of a Board of Control of three members. State Prison, at Jackson, Wm. L. Seaton, Agent. -The whole number of convicts in prison, November 30, 1860, was 621; received during the year ending November 30, 1861, 140; discharged in various ways, 230, leaving in prison, November 30, 1861, 531; average number in prison during the year. 578. Of those discharged, 177 were discharged by expiration of sentence, 40 were pardoned by Governors Wisner and Blair and 4 by the President of the United States, and 9 died. Three hundred and eighty of the convicts were employed on contract at manufacturing farming-tical view of the mineral resources of the State. utensils, wagons, cast-steel hoes, rakes, &c., boots and shoes, whips and whip-lashes. Of the remainder, 69 were employed in various capacities about the prison or yards, or in the manufacture of prison-clothing, 23 were unemployed, 14 were in solitary confinement (for murder, the death-stones, among which are sienite, granite, marbles penalty having been abolished in Michigan in 1847), 10 were females, and 35 aged sick cripples and infirm. The earnings of the prison were $50,237 11, but a considerable sum was due for work. The expenditures were $49,739 66. The State has provided that prisoners not reported for misconduct shall have five days deducted from each month of their sentence for good behavior. This provision has had a good effect, the officers of the prison say, in greatly improving the deportment of the prisoners; and they suggest that a further allowance of time should be made to those special cases of good conduct which in the judgment of the officers merit it. The plan of solitary confinement for life of the prisoners sentenced for murder has been found objectionable, owing in part to the smallness and want of ventilation of the cells of the building in which they were confined; and, insanity and speedy death, or utter helplessness, resulting in a number of cases, 11 out of the 25 thus confined had been removed to the

Professor Winchell finds in the State eight valuable ores of iron, copper in five forms and in vast quantity, silver and lead ores, some of them of great promise, bituminous and cannel coals, a great variety of fine building and ornamental

of great beauty and purity, sandstones, limestone, gypsum suitable for architectural and ornamental purposes, as well as for cements and for fertilizing uses, salt springs whose brines are of sufficient strength to produce a bushel of salt from 25 gallons of brine, fire-brick and pottery clays, sand for glass, for moulding &c., grit-stones, oil-stones of excellent quality, lithographic stone, peat, marl, &c. &c. The copper, iron, lead, salt, coal, marbles, and gypsum, are probably the most valuable of its mineral treasures, and in these the State possesses an amount of wealth such as few of the other States of the Union can equal.

Census Statistics.-The Secretary of State, in obedience to the act of the State Legislature, published in 1861 a compilation of the statistics of the State from the returns in his office of the Census of 1860. From this we gather the following items: -whole number of dwelling-houses in the State, 149,665; number in cities, 19,964; number of families in the State, 146,290; whole number of

permitting him to purchase 80 acres more at $1 25 per acre, one-fourth only to be paid down. The deed of the land is not given to the settler till be has bestowed some labor upon the land in its improvement and reclamation. 40,147 acres were licensed to settlers under these laws in 1861.

inhabitants, 751,110; of these, 16,310 are colored, | license to the immigrant for 80 acres of land, and 354 deaf and dumb, 233 blind, and 338 insane; the value of the real estate of the State is $262,785,750;* whole number of occupied farms, 62,722; number of acres improved, 3,421,120; acres unimproved, 3,589,442; cash value of farms, $162,713,267; value of farming implements and machinery, $5,799,744; number of horses, asses, and mules, 137,881; of milch cows, 180,441; of working oxen, 62,055; of other cattle, 240,428; of sheep, 1,266,680; of swine, 366,572; total value of live stock, $23,618,458; bushels of wheat produced, 8,171,688; of rye, 525,716; of Indian corn, 12,372,877; of oats, 4,063,528; of barley, 302,951; of buckwheat, 523,687; of potatoes, 5,258,628; pounds of wool, 3,929,113; value of orchard products, $1,116,219; pounds of butter, 15,498,047; of cheese, 1,610,097; tons of hay, 761,156; bushels of clover-seed, 50,079; pounds of maple sugar, 3,973,780; value of home-made manufactures, $144,758; number of flouring-mills, 309; capital employed, $2,951,336; barrels of flour made, 1,786,289; value of annual product, $3,989,824; number of saw-mills, 901; capital employed, $7.607,025; feet of lumber sawed, 795,606 698; value of product, $6,891,769; aggregate of all kinds of manufactures, including mills, capital invested, $35,303,590; hands employed, male, 21,702, female, 1125; value of annual product, $33,068,071; number of mining companies, 39; hands employed, 3923; capital invested. $4,868,000; tons of copper raised, 5407 tons of iron, 138,800; value of products, $2,906,588; capital invested in fisheries, $178,375; number of barrels caught in 1860, 59,057; value, $395,636.†

Immigration.-In 1857, the Legislature, with a view of encouraging immigration, offered to settlers upon its swamp-lands (which include some of the best lands of the State) 40 acres free to each immigrant who would settle upon and improve such lands, and caused proclamation of this offer to be made in the other States and in Europe. In 1861 the law was amended, giving a

The Contributions of Michigan to the Volunteer Army.—On the first call of the President for troops, on the 15th of April, 1861, one regiment was assigned as the quota of Michigan. The proclamation was published on the 16th of April, and on the 19th the regiment, numbering 780 men, was ready to be mustered into the service. fully armed and equipped. Owing to orders received from the War Department, they did not leave the State till May 13, and meantime a second regiment of threeyears men had been enlisted and fully equipped for service, being ready for marching-orders by the 29th of April. During the year 1861, there were raised in the State, and either sent into the field or awaiting marching-orders, 24,097 soldiers, embracing 18 regiments infantry, 1 regiment and 1 company engineers, 3 regiments cavalry, 6 companies sharpshooters, 1 company light and 6 companies heavy artillery, and 13 companies infantry and 2 squadrons cavalry enlisted in other States. Under the calls of 1862, the number sent into the field, or awaiting marching-orders on the 1st Dec. 1862, was sufficient to bring the whole force from Michigan up to about 48.000 men. The Michigan regiments in their physique and moral character have been equal to any regiments contributed to the service. Colonel (now General) Wilcox, who commanded the first regiment at Bull Run, was for more than a year a prisoner, and one of those whose mauly and patriotic bearing most thoroughly vexed the Confederates; and another of her officers, the brave Major-General Israel B. Richardson, fell mortally wounded at Antietam.

This probably refers to the entire lands of the State sold and unsold.

† Such of these items as are found in the table of the preliminary Census report differ slightly from

the figures of that report, as is the case with all the State compilations of the Census.

Settled in 1730. Capital, Indianapolis. Area, 33,809 square miles. Population, 1860, 1,350,428.

The judges of these courts receive a salary of $1500 per annum. Their term of office is six years.

There is no 14th circuit. The 15th was so numbered by error, either in the draught of the bill establishing it, or of the engrossing clerk.