PARAGRAPH 689-TAPIOCA FLOUR.

large granules of organized structure, which serve as reserve food. In the United States maize is the chief commercial source; in Europe the potato. (Webster's Dictionary.)

Starch is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether. A vegetable substance used to stiffen and formerly also to color linen or other cloth. (Wooster's Dictionary.)

EXHIBIT B.

SAGO FLOUR AND TAPIOCA FLOUR ARE STARCHES.

Extracts taken from the records of United States Supreme Court, October term, 1899, before Justice Peckham, and referring particularly to tapioca flour: Page 2, line 9 (tapioca flour). “Is nearly pure starch."

Page 2, lines 15-16. "Who uses the flour as starch."

Page 2, lines 20-21. "Tapioca flour is also used in the Eastern States by calico printers and carpet manufacturers to thicken colors and in the manufacture of a substitute for gum arabic and other gums. It is also sometimes used for sizing cotton goods."

Page 3, lines 14-15. "Although assuming it (tapioca flour) to be fit for use as starch it is nevertheless tapioca, and tapioca in so many words is put on the free list."

Page 4, lines 18-19. "If fit and intended for such use as starch, why not fit for use as starch?"

Page 4, line 28. "The substance in question is not commercially known as starch."

Page 4, lines 38-40. “We think the language of that paragraph, 323, means any preparation which is so far fit for use as starch as to be commonly used or known as such or as a substitute therefor."

Page 4, lines 48-52. "The substance is used in the Eastern States for starch purposes by calico printers and carpet manufacturers to thicken colors. Also for bookbinding and in the manufacture of paper. Also for filling in painting." Page 5, lines 18-21. "Many other flours might come in under the denomination of root flour which were not specially declared in the act to be free of duty, and the dropping of the root flours from the free list may relegate such flour to the dutiable list."

A part of Judge Peckham's opinion: "One of the forms of tapioca flour known to commerce is entered at the customhouse, San Francisco, as tapioca, sago, or root flour, which are all the same substance. The Chinese use the flour as a starch and to a slight extent for food purposes."

EXHIBIT C.

SAGO FLOUR AND TAPIOCA FLOUR ARE STARCHES.

Extracts from the present hearing before the Ways and Means Committee, 1913, by Charles Morningstar, of the firm of Charles Morningstar & Co., importers of starches in competition with American starches:

"If there is to be a duty at all on starches, we certainly do not think that the products made under the auspices of coolie labor in the Far East, such as tapioca, cassava, and sago, should have free entry into this country when the starches of the sturdy German and Dutch farmers are taxed 14 cents per pound. Tapioca and cassava flour and starches, as also sago, should be taxed equally with all other starches coming into this country."

"Tapioca flour and starch, cassava flour and starch, and sago flour, all made under coolie-labor conditions, are now free."

"Tapioca flour and starch, as also cassava flour and starch, are chemically the same as any other starch, and so does sago fall under the category of starches."

"Why discriminate against starches manufactured under civilized and scientific auspices in favor of coolie-labor starches in the Far East?"

NOTE. To anyone familiar with the trade it is apparent that Mr. Morningstar has not intended to say "tapioca flour and starch, cassava flour and starch," because they are all the same thing.

MY DEAR MR. WALDEN: In answer to your letter of recent date, in which you ask whether statements made by mill interests to the Finance Committee in Washington regarding tapioca and sago in its use in cotton mills, versus cornstarch, are true, I said to you some time ago that I had made exhaustive tests of sago and tapioca compared with cornstarch, and from my practical experience in finishing cotton goods I wish to say that all my demonstrations prove that sago and tapico in finishing replace cornstarch pound for pound and that cornstarch could be used to produce just as satisfactory results as either sago or tapioca. THE CONTINENTAL FINISHING CO. L. P. PIERCE.

(Signed)

EXHIBIT E.

SAGO FLOUR AND TAPIOCA FLOUR REFERRED TO AS STARCHES.

Extracts from a foreign publication by Joseph Depierre; translated from the French:

"Finishing operations may be classed according to the results required. "It is impossible and, besides, superfluous to enumerate the different styles of finish used to-day. There are more than 100 well-defined kinds.

"Substances employed in finishing: The quantity of products of all kinds used in finishing increases daily.

"Thickenings, in the proper sense of the word-that is to say, substances serving to stiffen tissues, to thicken them, in one word, to set them.

"Corn, wheat, maize, barley, chestnut, rice, acorn, potato, or farina; starches and diverse flours; arrowroot, salep, sago, tapioca, etc.

"Of all the substances used in finishing starch and its derivatives are those which play the greatest part. Starch has been known from time immemorial. Pliny speaks of its use in Chio. The first use of starch for sizing dates from about 800 B. C. Its use, however, was not very extensive. The use of starch in England dates from the first part of the sixteenth century.

"Starchy matter exists in manioc, in the medular part of the stem of the palm tree, in potatoes, in the cereal grains, barley, oats, wheat, maize, rye, etc. "Sago comes from the pith of several palms of the Molucas, principally from the Sagus rufia, farinifera, and Cycas circinalis. It is met with in commerce in several forms: The reddish sago tapioca, which yields in water a starchy matter, may be colored with iodine. The sago in pink or white granules, which yields nothing in cold water. The produce of the sago tree is considerable. Seven trees yield as much nutritive matter as a hectare of wheat and six times more than a hectare of potatoes.

"The Chinese of Singapore annually convert more than 20,000 tons of pith into flour. England alone receives thence more than 12,000.000 kilos.

"Tapioca, also called Moussache, Cipipa, or Cassava starch, is extracted from the root of different maniocs, largely cultivated in Africa, in the Indies, in Java, China, and elsewhere."

EXHIBIT F.

SAGO FLOUR AND TAPIOCA FLOUR ARE REFERRED TO AS STARCHES AND USED AS

STARCHES.

Copy of a report of a starch salesman, dated June 2, 1909:

Name of mill, Ludlow Manufacturing Association; location, Ludlow, Mass.; name of buyer, Mr. Sturgis. Did you see him personally? Yes. Did you tele

phone him?

PARAGRAPH 689-TAPIOCA FLOUR.

Why?

Stock on hand, 112 cars ours,

others. Quotation made, 2.44 Pearl; Famous N. When again in market? Sale, none. If no sale, Why? Sturgis says he is going to purchase a year's supply of tapioca. Corn is too high for his uses. I could get no further information from him regarding the use of starch on his jute warps.

EXHIBIT G.

EXTRACTS FROM CIRCULAR LETTERS ISSUED BY C. B. HUIET, OF CHARLESTON, 8. C., AGENT FOR A FIRM OF IMPORTERS, SHOWING THAT SO-CALLED TAPIOCA FLOUR IS SOLD AS STARCH.

JANUARY 26, 1909.

We beg to announce that we are in position to furnish the very best tapioca starch imported from the island of Java, produced in a factory which cost over three-quarters of a million dollars. Heretofore tapioca starch has not been as uniform as the mills desired, because it was produced in a crude way. Now, there has been one of the best starch factories in the world erected on the island of Java, the product of which is imported by Stein, Hirsh & Co., of New York City. This product is unquestionably superior to cornstarch.

We are in a position to quote a first-class grade tapioca starch at practically the same price as is being asked for high-grade cornstarch. It is the purpose of our company to bring solid cargoes of tapioca starch to our South Atlantic and Gulf ports.

MARCH 18, 1909.

Our traveling men have been calling upon the various cotton mills throughout the southern territory, which we control as sales agents and distributors for Messrs. Stein, Hirsh & Co., of New York, and from the number of trial orders and inquiries which we have received I am satisfied a number of mills intend to displace the starch which they have been using and use the strictly high-grade imported tapioca and potato starches which we are offering.

Stein, Hirsh & Co. control the importation of tapioca starch produced by a large Dutch syndicate operating in the island of Java, who have several millions invested in the industry, one of the factories alone costing $600,000. The latest improved machinery, careful handling and processing gives a product which is superior in every way to the very best cornstarch.

APRIL 21, 1909.

We are not in any way letting up on our campaign on the strictly fancy imported German potato and tapioca starches.

We absolutely control the sale and distribution of these importations of Stein, Hirsh & Co., of New York, who likewise control the importations of the best foreign factories.

Among the prominent southern cotton mills who have placed orders with us during the past few weeks for our imported potato and tapioca starches are: Drayton Cotton Mills (small trial order, then a car), Spartanburg, S. C.; Holt Morgan Mills, Fayetteville, N. C.; Delgade Mills, Wilmington, N. C.; Brogan Mills, Anderson, S. C.; Statesville Cotton Mills, Statesvile, N. C.; Gaffney, S. C.; Planters Manufacturing Co., Oxford, Ala.; Newberry Cotton Mills, Newberry, S. C.; Altamaha Cotton Mills, Elon College, N. C.; Southern Cotton Mills, Hawkinsville, Ga.; Riverside Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga.; Brookford Mills, Brookford, N. C.; Hamilton-Gerhardt Cotton Mills, Rockhill, S. C.

EXHIBIT H.

BAGO FLOUR AND TAPIOCA FLOUR USED AS STARCH.

Extracts from the testimony of John Bancroft, of the firm of Joseph Bancroft & Son, dyers, bleachers, and finishers of cotton goods, Wilmington, Del., at a hearing before Appraiser Fisher:

Q. You use in the production of your goods an article which is known as starch?

A. We do.

Q. Are there different kinds of starch that you use?

A. Yes; quite a variety.

PARAGRAPH 689-TAPIOCA FLOUR,

Q. Will you please name them?

A. Wheat starch, corn starch, potato starch, sago starch, known as sago flour. These are the principal starchy materials.

Q. Will you please state for what purpose you use it (sago flour) in your manufacture?

A. We are using it for starching or filling or stiffening--whatever term you may apply-both for yarns and cotton goods.

Q. What other starches do you use for the same purpose, or similar purposes, for which you use sago?

A. We have substituted cornstarch for the sago after the duty was put on. Another witness at the same hearing, namely, W. H. Bolton, testified as follows:

Q. How do you use it (sago flour)?

A. We use it for starching purposes, the same way we use cornstarch.

Q. Can you get the same series of effects in all respects from sago flour, on all classes of goods, that you do from cornstarch?

A. On most classes of goods we can.

Extracts from testimony given by Mr. Weidenbach in the famous sago-flour case, Littlejohn v. United States:

Q. Did you ever know sago flour to be called by any name than sago flour? A. Yes; frequently our customers have called it sago starch, and we have seld it as such.

Further, he says: "Potato starch simply is known under the name of potato flour."

Mr. Ralph L. Burbank, called as a witness in the sago-flour matter before Judge Lacombe on May 10, 1901, testified as follows:

"I consider that we could use tapioca identically with wheat or potato or any of the other starches, inasmuch as sago is similar to tapioca, and potato is similar to it also-the three are very similar."

EXHIBIT I.

Report of imports of all forms of sago and tapioca from the year 1882 to 1911, inclusive, as shown in the records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce and Labor, United States of America.

PARAGRAPH 689-TAPIOCA FLOUR.

EXHIBIT J.

THE STARCH INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH DEDUCTIONS FROM STATISTICS AS SHOWN IN BULLETIN 64 OF THE CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES, 1905.

There were 131 factories producing starch as principal and minor product. The 131 factories produced 196,074,530 pounds; the others, 161,930,496 pounds; a total of 358,005,026 pounds.

The number of employees recorded to produce the 196,074,530 pounds at the 131 factoris was 3,349 maximum, 2,070 minimum, 1803 average (for all time); hence the average number for entire starch production would be 3,254 employees working steadily and 110,000 pounds to the man.

The States producing the 196,074,530 pounds of starch at 131 factories were California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin, and the remaining 161,930,496 pounds of starch were produced by Illinois, Connecticut, Michigan, Missouri, and New Jersey.

The starch from corn was principally produced by Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, and New Jersey, while that from potatoes by Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, and Wisconsin. The statistics do not show the division of the whole quantity by States, but the number of factories were as follows: California, 2; Connecticut, 4; Florida, 2; Illinois, 6; Indiana, 4; Iowa, 3; Maine, 65; Massachusetts, 1: Michigan, 5; Minnesota, 12; Missouri, 2; Nebraska, 1; New Jersey, 2; New York, 15; Ohio, 2; Pennsylvania, 2; Texas, 1; Wisconsin, 12; total, 141. It is estimated, however, that the principal States producing 358,005,026 pounds of starch were as follows: IIlinois, 97,158,298 pounds; Indiana, 68,694.922 pounds; Iowa, 28,131,080 pounds; Maine, 15,454,787 pounds; Michigan, 9,162,054 pounds; Minnesota, 6,627,638 pounds; Missouri, 6,193,049 pounds; New Jersey, 58,579,149 pounds; New York, 33,186,913 pounds; Wisconsin, 4,925,858 pounds; all others, 29,891,278 pounds; total, 358,005,026 pounds.

The following are the best estimates which we can make up from our general knowledge of the starch production of the world:

Estimated world's production of all classes of starch, roughly, 2,500,000,000 pounds. Of the above sago flour and tapioca flour are estimated to contribute at least 600,000,000 pounds. The present production of all kinds of American starch, with due consideration for the above figures, is in the neighborhood of 360,000,000 pounds, and of this total production of American starch we estimate that there is consumed in the textile and kindred trades, wherein sago flour and tapioca flour mainly compete, 150,000,000 pounds, of which imported sago flour and tapioca flour contribute something like 50,000,000 pounds.

EXHIBIT K.

SHOWING THE CLEAR INTENT OF THE SENATE TO ONLY RETAIN IN THE FREE LIST THE FOOD FORMS OF SAGO AND TAPIOCA.

Extracts from debate, United States Senate, Saturday, June 12, 1909: Mr. GALLINGER. Mr. President, some time ago a gentleman, who formerly resided in New Hampshire, called on me with a suggestion that he was about to engage in some other State in the manufacture of potato starch, and very much desired that sago flour should be put on the dutiable list. Without looking into the matter, I submitted a proposed amendment, which is in print. After that I made inquiry about the matter and found that sago flour is used largely in our manufactures, as well as in the manufacture of oilcloth and linoleum.

Mr. ALDRICH. But sago, crude, has been held by the customs officers and by all the decisions to include sago flour.

We did not use one single pound for starch, in my judgment. Sago flour and tapioca flour are used for food.

Mr. CUMMINS. The men who are engaged in making starch tell me that the sago flour, especially, is used for starch, and is used in competition with the starch made in the United States.