The Science of Human Behavior: Biological and Psychological FoundationsMacmillan, 1913 - 443 páginas |
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adaptive ants appear association areas become believe biological brain C. B. Davenport called causes central nervous system cerebellum cerebral cortex cerebrum changes chapter characteristics chemical chemotropism complex connected consciousness coördination Darwin definition described determined direction discuss effectors eggs elements emotions evident example existence external forces fact feelings fibers follows forms of behavior functions geotropism germ cell habit havior higher animals impulses indicated individual inherited instinctive actions intelligence involved Jennings light Lloyd Morgan Loeb lower organisms means mechanism Mendelian mental metazoa movements muscles mutations natural selection nerve cells nest neuromeres neurones organic evolution organic matter origin orthogenetic Paramecium parental phototaxis phototropism physiological probably processes protoplasm Psychology reaction receptors reflex action result seems seen sensations sense organs sensory sexual Sherrington social evolution species spinal stimuli stincts structure takes place tendency term theory tion tropism true unit characters usually variations vertebrates wasps York
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Página 223 - Instinct is usually defined as the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous education in the performance.
Página 218 - We may, then, define an instinct as an inherited or innate psycho-physical disposition which determines its possessor to perceive, and to pay attention to, objects of a certain class, to experience an emotional excitement of a particular quality upon perceiving such an object, and to act in regard to it in a particular manner, or, at least, to experience an impulse to such action.
Página 394 - In regard to bodily size or strength, we do not know whether man is descended from some small species, like the chimpanzee, or from one as powerful as the gorilla ; and, therefore, we cannot say whether man has become larger and stronger, or smaller and weaker, than his ancestors.
Página 135 - Behavior is merely a collective name for the most obvious and most easily studied of the processes of the organism, and it is clear that these processes are closely connected with, and are indeed outgrowths from, the more recondite internal processes.
Página 260 - The latter appear invariably as a function of an elementary process, namely, the activity of the associative memory ... By associative memory I mean the two following peculiarities of our central nervous system: First, that processes which occur there leave an impression or trace by which they can be reproduced even under different circumstances than those under which they originated.
Página 94 - The light operates, naturally, on the part of the animal which it reaches. The intensity of the light determines the sense of the response, whether contractile or expansive, and the place of the response, the part of the body stimulated, determines the ultimate orientation of the animal.
Página 131 - The changes toward which the physiological state tends are of two kinds. First the physiological state (like the idea) tends to produce movement. This movement often results in such a change of conditions as destroys the physiological state under consideration. But in case it does not, then the second tendency of the physiological state shows itself. It tends to resolve itself into another and different state.
Página 125 - ... summed up as follows : — (1) No reaction at first: the organism continues its normal activities for a short time. (2) Then a slight reaction by turning into a new position, — a seeming attempt to keep up the normal activities and yet get rid of the stimulation. (3) If this is unsuccessful, we have next a slight interruption of the normal activities, in a momentary reversal of the ciliary current, tending to get rid of the source of stimulation. (4) If the stimulus still persists, the animal...
Página 420 - The original and elementary subjective fact in society is the 'consciousness of kind.' By this term I mean a state of consciousness in which any being, whether low or high in the scale of life, recognizes another conscious being as of like kind with itself.
Página 82 - These tropisms are identical for animals and plants. The explanation of them depends first upon the specific irritability of certain elements of the bodysurface, and, second, upon the relations of symmetry of the body. Symmetrical elements at the surface of the body have the same irritability; unsymmetrical elements have a different irritability. Those nearer the oral pole possess an irritability greater than that of those near the aboral pole. These circumstances force an animal to orient itself...