artistic in its effect, because what is done by machinery lacks that expression which manual labor, directed by individual mind and feeling, gives to the material it shapes.

This could be remedied if, after the forms were shaped by mechanical means, the final execution were reserved for direct human contact, giving character and expression to the forms; very slight superficial labor would serve to give this final finish. The sculptor gives his clay model to his workman, who delivers to him the marble reproduction drawn from the block by pointing measurements; but the sculptor goes over it with the instinct associated with its earliest conception, giving the subtleties of expression, texture, accident, and grace of execution which, with very little additional labor, gives value and interest to the work. Why could not we, in the place of insipid, machine-made columns and ornaments now generally in use, have exact repetitions of such charming examples as may be found abroad in old buildings, churches, cloisters, etc., copied mechanically by means of plaster cast taken from the originals, and finished by hand, making the laborer's work more free, thoughtful, and stimulating to his own fancy.

Iron, in the uses to which it is applied in the architecture of the day, is altogether a recent result of applied science, aut as now used it is an abomination so far as artistic expression s concerned. Plaster casts taken from Gothic or Rennaissance ornament might be sent to the foundries to be used as patterns. Much wood-carving is now done by machinery. We have seen the head of a dog carved in wood by this means, which had the character of hand-work. Such carving as may be found in Belgium and Perugia might be reproduced by this means, ad infinitum.

Science, in its applications, has brought that chief of musical instruments, the Piano, within the reach of every household. Every separate feature of its construction, from its general form to the material which enters into the manufacture of its finest wires, has been subjected to scientific tests and investigations. The interpretation of the masters of musical composition may now be heard on the extreme borders of civilization, in the log-cabin as well as in the households of the wealthy. But Musical-boxes, such as are now imported from Switzerland, have

reached that perfection which may fairly claim for them the merit of affording pleasure even to the critical.

Through Chromo-lithography, effort was made to reproduce and multiply the works of the painter. Though it certainly has never reached any very refined expression, it has undoubtedly contributed somewhat in the interest of art, and met a want which eventually comes to be regarded as the steppingstone to something better. The principles of photo sculpture have, as we have seen, been applied to wood-carving.

But Photography, through the various methods and forms which have sprung from it, will assuredly, if it has not already, effect a revolution in certain ideas pertaining to art. Cardinal Wiseman, in opening his remarks, made use of these words: "I am venturing to address, on the subject of science, an assembly of men whose reputation for its advancement, or for its cultivation, may be said to pervade the whole civilized world. And I have had the hardihood to announce that I would speak upon art, in the presence of those who, if their fame has not extended so far because their works are not so portable or communicable as books,-stand at the very summit of this most honorable profession;" and, speaking of the old masters, at the close of his remarks he said, "Nor are we ever likely to see their marvelous and multiplied works within the easy access of the people."

แ

Ten years later we find a French Jew traveling from city to city, throughout the length and breadth of the land, selling fac-simile reproductions of sketches of the old masters, termed 'Autotypes." Thousands of these autotypes find their way into public institutions and private families, familiarizing us with the most famous works of the great masters of art. In like manner the "Heliotype" reproduces for us those etchings and engravings which have become so very costly and precious on account of their great scarcity. The works of the sculptor. likewise, with the precious fruits of antiquity, are now, by means of photography, brought within the reach of every one. In all respects save color, we find the artist's productions multiplying and spreading, almost to the extent of the author's thought, through printing. Who can foretell the effort this is likely to produce upon generations to come, when art, through

eye of the

such channels, seeks the audience, or rather the world, without waiting for the world to come to it. In a very subordinate field, that of caricature, we have seen what an effective engine of reform, through their influence on the public, the cartoons of Thomas Nast have proved. It was their wide-spread reproduction through the medium of a circulation that averaged, weekly, above one hundred and fifty thousand, which gave to them the character of a language, coarse and crude indeed, but which all who run might read.

In closing our remarks, an extract from a letter addressed by Col. Gray to the Committee of Architects who had in charge the Houses of Parliment, may not be out of place. He says, "It is constantly to be regretted, that much of the good attending many of the institutions founded for the advancement of science and art is lost by their isolation and want of connection with each other." This is but too true, and the remedy seems likely to be applied through those tendencies which are now directed towards the establishment of these schools in connection with the universities. By this means enlarged and comprehensive facilities are afforded the student of any branch of science or of art, and by the close proximity of institutions having either direct or indirect bearing upon each other, results must follow which may be considered mutually beneficial. Literature can no longer afford to exclude those arts, the relations of which are so closely interwoven with her own; the aim and character of which, if not strictly identical, certainly assist in affording us a better acquaintance with her own classic forms and spirit. It is a matter of some surprise that the arts have been so much neglected in this connection, when photography and the plaster cast have long furnished a cheap form of illustration.

ARTICLE IX.-NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS.

THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS.

BARTOL'S RISING FAITH* is true to its title. It gives evidence that faith is rising above the point which it reached in "Radical Problems". we should not dare affirm that it were fully risenbut there is abundant evidence in the book of so positive a tone in respect to many points concerning which there prevails extensively very little faith, that we are disposed to be thankful and take courage. There can be no doubt that the volume gives evidence of genius, although it is often of genius exalted to rhapsody. The pith, and pathos, and humor, of many single passages are simply wonderful. We are moved to laugh and mock on the one hand, and to weep and pray on the other.

So far as the subjective side of religion is concerned there is little that is defective. Even the objective truths that used to be called Calvinism, are set forth with no little energy and positiveness-albeit in phraseology that smacks very much of the Shorter Catechism.

The point to which the Rising Faith has not yet risen, is the affirmation of historical and supernatural fact. We do not know that we need say that in respect to matters of this sort the book cannot be treated as a guide-we imagine no one would think of such a thing. It is not very easy to take a solar observation through a kaleidoscope. We may turn it as often as we will; we may raise and depress it; but it will give us neither the real sun nor the real earth, but uniformly beauty, and blaze, and confusion-always some bits of color, and form, and symmetry-much truth in detail, but the total impression is bewilderment and confusion.

Mr. Bartol seems somewhat like the man of whom he speaks, who thought the West church in Boston was a paragon of architectural beauty. Could our author be removed from Boston, and forget everything about Boston and the Radical Club for five years, and be put upon a dry diet of hard facts and matter of fact people, he might write a better book than this on the Rising Faith.

*The Rising Faith. By C. A. BARTOL, author of Radical Problems. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1874.

RELIGION AND SCIENCE.*-Professor LeConte's "Religion and Science" consists of a series of Sunday lectures, delivered to his pupils, first at Columbia, S. C., and subsequently in a form more fully developed at Oakland, Cal. The following topics are discussed Personality of Deity; Contrivance for Use; Contrivance for Beauty; The Spiritual Nature of Deity; Essential Nature and Attributes of Deity; Attributes of Deity, viz: Truth, Justice, Love, Holiness, Freedom; Unity and Trinity of Deity; Incarnation of Deity; The General Relation of Theology to Science; Man: His place in Nature; Probation of Man; Predestination and Free-will; Prayer in relation to Invariable Law. The treatment of these topics is familiar and popular, but not for this reason less profound and thoroughly scientific. It is uniformly fresh and individual, and although occasionally admitting a suggestion, which is theologically crude and untenable, the book is the more, rather than the less, attractive. The author does not enter into the details either of science or religion, but gives his attention to the salient points which attract general attention when the two are supposed to come into conflict, and discusses them with eminent individuality and uniform tolerance. Of the many books written for the instruction of those who are pressed by difficulties from science, this seems to us one of the least exceptionable, while for freshness, force, and general ability, it deserves high praise.

COMMON-SENSE IN RELIGION.t-Rev. James Freeman Clarke's "Common Sense in Religion" is a volume of Essays upon Common-Sense and Mystery; Common-Sense View of Human Nature; on the Doctrine Concerning God, the Bible, and Inspiration; the New Meaning of Evangelical Christianity; the Truth About Sin; Common Sense and Scripture Views of Heaven and Hell; Satan, according to Common-Sense and the Bible; Concerning the Future Life; the Nature of our Condition Hereafter; CommonSense View of the Christian Church; Five Kinds of Piety; Jesus a Mediator; the Expectations and Disappointments of Jesus; Common-Sense View of Salvation by Faith; on not being afraid; Hope; the Patience of Hope; Love; the Brotherhood of Man.

*Religion and Science. A series of Sunday lectures on the relation of Natural and Revealed Religion, or the truths revealed in Nature and Scripture. By JOSEPH LECONTE, Professor of Geology and Natural History in the University of California. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1874.

+ Common-Sense in Religion: a Series of Essays. By JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1874.