per pupil than if seats were set in double rows back to back. But this demand is legitimate and hygienically important.

The urinals in the boys' toilets should be constructed of white glazed enamel, and set so that the bottom will be slightly below the level of the floor and sloping toward the drain. They should be of small to medium size. The floor should slope very gently so that the pupils may stand close to the urinals without danger of slipping and thus prevent contamination as well as conserve decency. One urinal for each 30 boys is ample, especially if teachers and principals will so order recesses that there will be no congestion. Enough is necessary but too many bring trouble. In buildings given over entirely to children of primary grades, there should be one urinal for each 25 boys

There is no reason why small children should be furnished with adult-sized toilet seats. Indeed, it is sinful to impose on them in this fashion. Juvenile-sized seats are on the market, cost no more, usually less, and when furnished, automatically segregate the smaller children in these rooms from the older pupils. This in itself is worth while; but it is positively insanitary and unjust to require little folks to use adult sizes. Care must be exercised in selecting the proper type of toilet fixtures. Those opening slightly in front and without top lids are to be preferred, for this not only assures better cleanliness but less danger. With the development of plumbing it is now possible to secure directly flushed seats so as to get rid of the flush tanks of the older variety. These tanks have been the sources of a great deal of trouble in schools because of the fact that they get out of repair so frequently. The automatic flush and hinged type of seat is not satisfactory for the lower grades and indeed not completely so for any grade of school. It is very difficult for small children to mount these seats and also troublesome for them to get off without soiling themselves. It is better to have the push button or lever type of direct flush and depend upon teaching children to flush the seats.

One seat for each 20 girls in the lower grades and for each 25 in high schools is sufficient. For the boys there should be one seat for every 25 pupils in the lower grades and one for each 30 in the high schools. These numbers are reductions from the writer's earlier estimates, but subsequent careful investigation has shown that when programs are planned so as to dismiss the various grades, with a few minutes interval between, that the foregoing number of seats will be entirely satisfactory. Of course this takes into account the necessity that all should be kept in repair and not, as frequently happens, a number of them allowed to remain out of repair for weeks at a time. It is essential to have enough, but it is unnecessarily expensive and hygienically troublesome to supply more than are necessary.

The width of stalls should not be over 32 inches and their depth, if the doors open out, not over 4 feet. These dimensions give ample room, conserve space, and thereby save expense. The top of the sides of the stalls should not be over 5 feet from the floor. This gives all the privacy needed, permits better lighting, better ventilation, and reduces expense both in installation and upkeep. Partitions made of slabs of expensive marble, 7 feet high, have been installed in some school buildings. This is not only a criminal waste of public funds but really a harmful thing to do from the hygienic point of view. The reason why the sides of toilet stalls have frequently been made so high is to raise the front cross bar between the stalls high enough to clear the head of a tall man. To be sure, these braces must be high enough to avoid bumps, to keep the stall sides rigid, and, also, in the boy's toilet, to prevent them from being used for gymnastic apparatus. This can be accomplished, however, without the necessity of boxing in the stalls with partitions as high as these cross braces. Steel pipes T'd off from the outer and upper corner of the sides of the stalls and fastened securely to them and the walls at each end of the toilet room furnish neat and rigid braces. Naturally, the bottoms of the stall partitions should be lifted at least 12 inches above the floor, and the bottom of the door high enough from the floor-say 14 inches-to permit the shoes of the children to be readily seen without opening the door. A door 3 feet high so set is high enough for all necessary privacy. I believe these doors are necessary and important for the stalls designed for the upper grades of the school. There is a delicacy suggested by them worthy of our consideration and should be a part of the regular school influence.

X. DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE.

Lavatory bowls should be set in these rooms as near the exit as possible and always in good light. These ought to afford a suggestion to each child as he leaves the room, "Wash your hands." This is an elemental, sanitary rule, which should be taught to all children. The number of these lavatory bowls need not be greater than one-third of the number of seats. They should be kept in good repair and scrupulously cleaned each day.

In specifying these demands for as good toilet equipment as can be made, there is no desire to be wasteful or unduly particular. The best is in the long run the most economical and certainly the most educational. A schoolhouse is not only a place where children are taught, but, in all its appliances and conveniences, it should be an educational and sanitary agent. As better sanitary fixtures are being

installed in the homes, the number of such fixtures can be safely reduced in school buildings. Parents should teach their children (and do when conveniences are afforded) to use them before school hours and thus conserve health and the time at school.

What are we to do with toilets, baths, overflow from drinking fountains, and drainage in general from a schoolhouse, if the building is in a town not supplied with a sewer system, and especially in the country? This was formerly a difficult question to answer, but relief can now be satisfactorily afforded. Under such conditions the best method to use is some form of septic tank disposal. Since the first edition of this bulletin was written much progress has been made in this kind of sanitation. Perhaps the best known simple form of septic tank is one devised by the Kentucky State board of health for use in country homes and at country schools. The following cut and description will make this clear:

FIG. 5.-Septic tank made of glazed sewer tiles.

Naturally, one of the important factors making for success in this type of sewage disposal is the absorption field. This field must be ground of porous nature, so that the outflow from the tank may be quickly and readily absorbed, and all suggestion of overloading, which would cause disagreeable odors or keep the ground wet and soppy, must be avoided. The automatic siphon, which properly and wisely belongs to this form of waste disposal, tends to insure a better use of the absorption field, because by reason of an intermittent but rapid outflow it spreads the water throughout the whole field, and then, until the dosage tank is refilled, time is given for the absorption field to take care of the water and dry out and purify itself. Where the outflow is constant and comparatively slow there is a tendency for that part of the absorption field lying nearer the tank to be overworked, while other parts are insufficiently supplied. However, this siphon attachment requires more thoughtfulness and care in setting it than the simpler form, such as the Kentucky type, which, however, when properly devised and well placed, is a very important element in sewage sanitation.

Properly speaking, this short discussion belongs more properly in the bulletin entitled Rural Schoolhouses and Grounds which is to follow this publication. In this, further and completer discussion will be made.

XI. BATHS.

It is no longer an experiment to install in public-school buildings bathing facilities for school children. Naturally baths are most needed in large city schools, especially in those sections where foreigners and poverty-stricken families generally congregate. But what a glorious thing it would be if country and village high schools could all be supplied with baths, for all who know country conditions generally know that country children rarely have access to proper bathing facilities. Country boys bathe in summer in streams and "mudholes," chiefly for the fun of it. Even this questionable method of ablution is generally denied the girls.

It is safe to say that not one country child of school age in a hundred has even regular weekly sanitary tub or shower baths throughout the year. With modern windmills, driven wells, storage tanks, air-pressure tanks, and gasoline engines, country schools and country homes are no longer of necessity compelled to handle a water supply at a great disadvantage. One part of the social mission of the schools consists in introducing into the homes better facilities for plain hygienic living, appliances which will bring surcease from much useless drudgery, and those modern conveniences which save so much time and conserve health. Every consolidated country school should, therefore, be supplied not only with pure, wholesome drinking water but an ample supply for baths, lavatories, and toilets.

From the point of view of cleanliness, and especially from that of economy, shower baths are much to be preferred in school buildings over either tub baths or swimming pools. In arranging a building for shower baths, very little extra cost for plumbing is necessary. The only item of serious expense is that for providing hot water. Some form of heater or boiler is necessary, unless some method of sun heating is adopted, such as is used in many parts of California. There, by means of a series of lenses focused on a water tank, all the hot water needed is readily supplied. But, of course, such a method is only practicable where the climate is very mild, and where days with a high sun are very common. Where gas is accessible, it is not difficult to install heaters, and these are now manufactured in many styles and sizes, and are so constructed that they need little care, are very compact, and can be used at a minimum expense for fuel. It is never advisable to use water from a steam

boiler for bathing purposes, because of the impossibility of preventing the water in such boiler from becoming increasingly dirty and oily. However, there are good oil stoves now on the market which might be easily arranged to heat water for baths. Besides, there are coal stoves designed for this purpose and may be installed wherever flue connections and a water supply are available.

It is easy to see that shower baths in schools are superior to tubs and swimming tanks, for the former require less water, and this is constantly pure; there is less danger in them of the spread from one pupil to another of any contagious skin disease; they take much less time, require less space, and on the whole are more effective.

But it may be asked, how could bathing facilities be installed in a village or country school building where there is no public water supply that could be piped into the building? This can be easily accomplished now by the use of a windmill or gasoline engine in connection with an air-pressure tank in the basement or elsewhere out of the danger of cold and storms. By this method water can be forced through a building to laboratories, toilet rooms, faucets, drinking fountains, bathrooms, wash rooms, lavatories-in fact, wherever it is needed. Such a provision for water supply will also lower the rate of insurance and render the building safer for children to occupy, for in case of fire it offers immediate help.

The matter of soap and towels can be left to local communities to settle. Where public opinion warrants the expenditure, it is best for the school to furnish these, for then the washing and sterilization can be done thoroughly. However, there is no decisive reason why each pupil should not be free to furnish his own towels and soap. In general, it is better to begin in this way and thus prevent some criticism.

The position of the baths and dressing rooms in a school basement will be determined in part by the size of the basement and the number of pupils to accommodate; but they ought to be placed where waste water can be carried away most readily. It is never hygienically permissible to allow waste water from any part of a school building, save that passing through the urinals and toilet vaults, to pass directly into sewers. Somewhere outside of the building the ordinary waste-water pipes should be trapped into the sewer so effectively as to make it impossible for sewer gas or odors to come into basements.

XII. SWIMMING POOLS.

Naturally, swimming pools are for healthful recreation and not for bathing purposes. No one should enter a swimming pool who has not been thoroughly cleansed in a shower bath, and who is not

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