Flag, provisional American, 10. 203;
stars and stripes first hoisted, 341.
Flatlands, L. I., settled, 7. 201.
Fleete, Henry, and Claiborne, 4.
341-343.

Fletcher, Benjamin, governor of New
York, character, 8. 247; and
the assembly, 250; as governor
of Pennsylvania, 253; and the
Connecticut militia, 253-255;
accusations against and recall,
265.

Flirting, legislation against, 4. 289.
Florida, Vespucius coasts, 2. 277,
date of discovery, 297-303; con-
fused on maps with Cuba, 303-
305; discovery by Ponce de Leon,
3. 316; attempted Spanish colo-
nies, 341; Huguenot colony, 342-
344; its destruction by Spanish,
344-350; founding of St. Augus-
tine, 346; destruction of Hugue-
not colony avenged, 352-354;
importance of destruction, 354;
and South Carolina and Georgia,
5. 317, 325, 336, 341, 356-359,
390-392; Spanish conquest in
the Revolution, II. 167, 346.
Flushing, L. I., refuses to enforce

religious persecution, 8. 272, 273.
Folkland, idea of, and development

of national territory, 12. 221,
245.

Fonseca, Juan Rodriquez de, head of
Spanish department of Indian af-
fairs, 2. 149; character, 149;
hatred of Columbus, 152, 180,
190, 197; and Las Casas, 3.
276, 284, 285.

Peruvian, 113; Virginia colonial,
5. 266-268; New York colo-
nial, 8. 323, 324 n. See also In-
dian corn.

Forbes, John, character, 9. 336:

expedition against Fort Duquesne,
336-341; death, 342.
Ford, Philip, Penn's steward, 8.
368.

Forestalling, penalties in Virginia, 4.
293.

Fort Amsterdam, N. Y., built, 7.
140. See also New Amsterdam,
New York City:

Fort Christina, Del., built, 7. 277.
Fort Crèvecœur, Ill., La Salle

builds, 3. 365, 9. 127; mutiny
and destruction, 3. 366, 9. 128.
Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), impor-
tance of location, 9. 261, 263,
326; rival English colonial claims
to site, 268; French build, 272;
Braddock's expedition against, 283-
293; effect of destruction of Fort
Frontenac, 335, 340; Forbes's
expedition against, 337-340; iso-
lated and abandoned, 341; named
Fort Pitt, 341.

Fort Edward, N. Y., built, 9. 296;
Webb's force at, 311; evacuated
by Schuyler, 10. 320.
Fort Frontenac (Kingston), Canada,
built, 8. 61, 9. 124; strategic
value, 326, 335; captured, 334.
Fort Good Hope (Hartford), 7.

135, 173, 177, 307.

Fort Griswold, Conn., slaughter of

garrison, 11. 136 n., 339.
Fort Le Bœuf, Penn., French block-
house, 9. 268; Washington at,

271.

Fort Lee, N. J., position, 10. 253 i
evacuated, 261.

Fort Lyman. See Fort Edward.
Fort Mercer on the Delaware, im-
portance, 10. 372; reduced by
the British, 379.

portance, 10. 372; reduced by
the British, 379.
Fort Moultrie, S. C., attack in
1775, 10. 233-235; surrender
in 1780, 11. 215.

Fort Nassau on the Delaware, Dutch
and Virginians at, 4. 298, 7.
135, 187.

Fort Nassau on the Hudson, 7. 123;
rebuilt, 135.

Fort Necessity, Penn., battle and
surrender, 9. 275.
Fort Niagara, N. Y., failure of
Shirley's expedition against, 9.
294, 300; capture by Johnson,
345-347; loyalists' headquarters,
II. 104; Sullivan's expedition
against, 110, 113.

Fort Orange, N. Y., built, 7. 135;
threatened trouble with the Mo-
hawks, 141; named Albany, 8.

I.

See also Albany.
Fort Stanwix (Rome), N. Y.,
built, 9. 335; siege by St. Leger,
10. 335; sortie, 341; siege
raised, 346.

Fort Washington, N. Y., position,

10. 253; captured, 256-258;
effect of capture, 258.
Fort Watson, S. C., captured by

Americans, II. 315-318.
Fort William Henry, N. Y., Mont-
calm's expedition against, 9. 310-
313; surrender, 313; massacre,
314.

Fountain of Youth, Mandeville on,

3. 314; folk-lore, 315; Spanish
search for, 315.

Fox, Charles, on tea tax, 10. 112;
on colonial common cause, 120;
on North's conciliation measures,
II. 10; effect of Yorktown on,
344; in Rockingham's ministry,
348, 12. 6; and Shelburne, 6,
9, 13, 16-18; favours parliamen-
tary reform, 7; resigns, 18;
character, 18; coalition with
North, 44-50; coalition ministry,

52; India Bill, 54; overthrow,
55.

Fox, George, birth, 8. 126; teach-
ings, 127; character, 128.
Foxes, Algonquin Indians, I. 51.
France, becomes interested in Amer-
ica, 3. 323; conflict with Eng-
land in America, 5. 440, 6. 343,
9. 233, 239; religious persecution,
6. 46-49, 54, 7. 44, 8. 394,
398-401; failure of Reformation,
6. 55, 122; prosperity under Louis
XIV., 329; temporary cessation
of maritime activity, 7. 92; plan
to conquer New York, 8. 202;
rise of Huguenots, 393; war with
Spain, 9. 8, 12; civil wars, 32;
condition at end of sixteenth cen-
tury, 34; policy in America,
62-64, 104, 120-122, 132; in
war of Austrian Succession, 249;
in the Seven Years' War, 302;
disasters in 1759, 342; interest in
American affairs in 1776, 10.
279; assistance, 280, 282; com-
mission sent by Congress to, 280;
alliance with United States, II.
11; policy of alliance, 11. 342 n.,
12. 21; war with England, 13;
unpopularity of alliance in Amer-
ica, 18, 97; fleet sent to America,
68, 88; sends minister to Amer-
ica, 88; loan of vessels to Ameri-
can navy, 151; alliance with
Spain, 165; invasion of England
foiled, 167; attitude on maritime
rights of neutrals, 171, 182; in-
fluence of French philosophers,
174; value of alliance to Amer-
ica, 210, 242; sends troops, 244,
245; and the peace of 1783, 12.
20-25, 43. See also Army, Can-
ada, Colonies, and kings and wars
by name.

Francis I. of France, on the bull of

demarcation, 9. 8: capture, 12
creates a viceroyalty in the New
World, 22, 28.

Franklin, Benjamin, plans of union,
5. 446, 9. 280, 10. 9, 10, 186;
in Philadelphia, 8. 372, 376;
knowledge of colonial political con-
ditions, 10. 8; political foresight,
11; colonial agent in England, 20;
on acquiescence in stamp duty, 20;
on colonial representation in Par-
liament, 40; on colonial contri-
bution to French and Indian War,
117; advises payment for the tea,
121; consulted by British minis-
try, 134; significance of return
to America, 135; on Bunker
Hill, 172; on committee to draft
Declaration of Independence, 227;
commissioner to France, 281;
superintends maritime affairs, II.
149; magnanimity, 149; in-
formal peace negotiations, 12. 10;
and the separate negotiations, 27,
39; credit for the negotiations, 41;
on need of more congressional
power, 186 n. ; member of the
Federal Convention, 266; on the
drafted Constitution, 363, 365;
presents the draft to legislature of
Pennsylvania, 367.

Franklin, William, royal governor

of New Jersey, arrested, 10. 218.
Franklin, state of, rise and fall, 12.
236-238; lesson, 239.
Fraser, Simon, British general, at
Hubbardton, 10. 316; mortally
wounded at Freeman's Farm, 387.
Frederick the Great, and the Seven

Years' War, 9. 301; hatred of
George III., 10. 50, 11. 176; on
hiring of German troops, 10. 191;
encourages America, II. 12;
debt to Chatham, 23; suggests
doctrine of free ships, free goods,
173; influence over Catherine,
176, 193; disbelief in stability
of United States, 12. 69; trade
treaty, 184.

Free ships, free goods. See Neutral-
ity.
Freeman's Farm, N. Y., first battle,

IO. 382-384; second battle
386-389.

French and Indian War, first move-
ments, 9. 271-276; troops sent
to America, 281; first naval bat-
tle, 282; first comprehensive plan,
285, 294; war declared, 301;
strategic points, 326; English
preparations for campaign of 1759,
342-345; colonial contribution,
10. 17. See also fortified places
and generals by name.
Freydis, wife of Thorvard, evil deeds
in Vinland, 1. 194–196.
Frislanda, cartography, 1. 271, 2.
228 n., 3. 356; identity with
Færoe Islands, I. 271 n., 273;
Columbus describes, 2. 57.
Frobisher, Sir Martin, search for
northwest passage, 3. 378.
Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Count
of, governor of Canada, designs on
New York, 8. 202; designs frus-
trated, 204; character, 229, 9.

116; invades Iroquois country,

8. 230; defeated by Schuyler,
250.

Frontier, Scotch-Irish and Palatine

settlers, 5.456, 460-463, 8. 409,
413, 9. 259; Carolina, 5. 315,
388, 389; conditions in America,
315, 463; advance of English set-
tlements, 9. 237, 259–264, II.
122-125, 129; border warfare,
100, 114, 124, 12. 60; condi-
tions and claims, 11. 115; Lord
Dunmore's War, 117-122; im-
portance of battle of Point Plea-
sant, 122; conquest of the North-
west, 125-129; cardinal events
during the Revolution, 130;
Great Britain refuses to surrender
posts, 12. 157. See also Terri-

tory.

Fuca, Juan de la, voyage, 3. 378 n.
Fuegians, 3. 63, 96.

Fuller, William, Puritan head of

Maryland government, 4. 370;
defeats Stone, 371; yields to Fen.

Ptolemy map, 304; theories of
earth's shape, 307, 308 n., 356,
2. 41-46, 186-188, 198; first
knowledge of Pacific Ocean, I.
321; Marco Polo's contribution,
328; Catalan map, 332; result
of intercourse with Mongol empire,
334; impulse for new route to the
East, 337; ancient opinion on an
encompassing ocean, 340-342,
350, 2. 41-46; ancient theory
of the five zones, 1. 351-356;
superstitions concerning inhabitants
of unknown regions, 358; Medici
map, 369; effect of Portuguese
Vovages, 376-380, 383; Tosca-
nelli's chart, 2. 25, 28 n.; the-
ories on size of earth, 47-55;
Toscanelli on westward route to
Indies, 28-33; origin of westward
route, 35-37, 41-43, 47; mis-
leading "ancient atlases," 65 n. ;
sixteenth century maps, 221, 305,
353, 4. 48, 7. 83; Cabot map,
2. 223-225, 230; La Cosa
map, 227-230, 293-297; Can-
tino map, 235, 297-299, 306
n.; Waldseemüller's Tabula Terre
Nove, 299-303, 371; confu-
sion of Florida and Cuba, 303-
305; importance of Vespucius's
third voyage, 333-338, 356;
Ruysch map, 346-349; Lenox
globe, 349-351; Finæus globe,
352-354; influence of Ptolemy
and Mela on early cartography of
New World, 354-357, 372, 380;
Leonardo da Vinci map, 379;
Schöner globes, 380; Agnese
map, 381, 3. 326, 4. 72; Mün-
ster map, 2. 381, 3. 327; Mer-
cator gores, 2. 385; Stobnicza
map, 414; and romantic spirit, 3.
1-4; Verrazano map, 325, 7.
72, 9. 11; Verrazano Sea, 3.
326, 329, 356, 4. 72, 7. 72, 9.
11; Gastaldi map, 3. 327, 7. 87;
Lok map, 3. 356, 4. 72; Dee
map, 3. 357, 358; Joliet map,

369; Smith's map of Virginia, 4.
138; Maiollo map, 7. 73-75, 9.
11; early cartography of east coast
of North America, 7. 84-87;
Ribeiro map, 86; Santa Cruz
map, 86; cartography of Norum-
bega, 87-91; alleged chart of
Denys, 9. 4-6; Luiz map, 7;
cartographical union of Hudson and
St. Lawrence rivers, 27. See also
America, North America, South
America.

George III. of England, colonial and
home policy, 10. 44, 45, 47-52,
II. 16, 351, 12. 3; character,
10. 45-47; personal government,
53, 87, II. 349, 352, 12. 1. 54;
plan to enforce colonial taxation,
10. 97-99; refuses to receive con-
gressional petition, 188; proclaims
rebellion, 188; hires foreign sol-
diers, 188-190; on capture of
Ticonderoga, 318; satirical print
on, II. 13 n.; effect of York-
town, 344, 347; and the coali-
tion ministry, 12. 49, 52-55;
disbelief in stability of United
States, 68.

Georgia, buffer colony, 5. 390; set-

tlement and government, 390-
392; social condition, 392, 8.
392; instructions on independ-
ence, 10. 209; conditions in
1779, II. 199; overrun by Brit-
ish, 201-203; regained by Amer-
icans, 348; paper money, 12.
201; ratifies the Constitution,
379.

Gérard, C. A., French minister to

United States, II. 88; seeks to
limit claims of United States,

165.

Germain, Lord George, on the colo-

nies, 10. 110; colonial secretary,
191; plan of campaign for 1777,
305-314, 358, 380; war policy,
II. 28, 100, 131, 197, 198,
205; shifts blame for Burgoyne's
surrender, 66; dismissed, 347.