on, 282; meetings, 285; con-
trols taxation, 287; Cavalier senti-
ment in, 366; assumes supreme
power temporarily, 5. 23; Long
Assembly, 66, 77; Bacon's Laws,
81-83; separate chamber, 82 n. ;
and Bacon, 88; refuses to yield
journals, 128; its clerk becomes
a royal appointee, 133; in Mary-
land, temporary assumption of
supreme power, 156-158; strug-
gle for rights, 175-180; in Vir-
ginia, conflicts with the governors,
354, 433-439, 442-445, 9. 272,
277; pre-Revolutionary resolves,
IO. 23, 75.
House of Commons, supremacy, 12.
345, 350. See also Parliament.
Houses, Indian, 1. 78-80, 93-96,
8. 93-96; pueblos, 1. 99-106;
Maya, 153-158; Aztec, 3. 55;
Peruvian, 102-111, 167-169;
early, in Virginia, 4. 249, 269;
Virginia plantation, 5. 258-266;
New York manor, 8. 312-315;
New York Dutch country, 320-
326.
Howard, Lord, of Effingham, gov-
ernor of Virginia, character, 5.
132; absentee, 134; removed,
137.
Howe, George, Viscount, ancestry,
9. 317; military insight, 319;
death, 320; effect of his death,
320, 325; monument, 321.
Howe, Richard, Lord, intercepts
French troops, 9. 282; ancestry,
317; commands fleet in America,
10. 133; to offer conciliation,
134; negotiations for conciliation,
236-239, 248-250; allegiance
proclamations, 267, 365; and
Charles Lee, 352-354; storm
prevents fight with Estaing, II.
93. See also Howe (William).
Howe, Robert, American general,
commands in the South, II. 201;
defeated by Campbell, 202.
Howe, Sir William, ancestry, 9.
317; at Quebec, 355; to super
sede Gates, 10. 132; why ap-
pointed, 133; at Bunker Hill,
165, 167; in command, 181;
evacuates Boston, 201; before
New York City, 223; plans for
New York campaign, 235, 239,
252; plan for battle of Long Is-
land, 243; before Brooklyn
Heights, 246-248; captures New
York City, 250-252; baffled at
White Plains, 254; threatens
New Jersey and Philadelphia,
255; captures Forts Washington
and Lee, 257-261; honours, 267;
part assigned in Burgoyne's cam-
paign, 307; why not carried out,
312-314, 350, 357; Lee's ad-
vice, 352-355, 357; plans to
cross New Jersey foiled, 358;
abandons Burgoyne, 361; sails for
Philadelphia, 362; poor general-
ship, 363; campaign against Phil-
adelphia, 364-372; clears the
Delaware, 379; resigns, 11. 66;
Mischianza in his honor, 67. See
also Howe (Richard).
Huancas, Peruvian tribe, 3. 125.
Huascar, Inca, defeated and deposed,
3. 129, 213; murdered, 221.
Hubbardton, Va., battle, 10. 316.
Hudson, Henry, Arctic voyages, 3.
379, 380, 7. 96, 99, 101, 107;
explores Hudson River, 3. 379,
7. 103-106; death, 3. 380, 7.
108; seeks a passage to Verrazano
Sea, 4. 72, 7. 100; ancestry and
early life, 95-97; in Dutch ser-
vice, 97; services desired by
France, 98; on coast of New
England, 102; enters Delaware
River, 103; detained in England,
107; fame, 109.
Hudson Bay Company, origin, 3.
372; French interference, 373.
Hudson River, seen by Gomez, 3.
322, 7. 79; Hudson explores, 3.
379, 7. 103-106; Verrazano en-
ters, 7. 74, 82, 9. 10, 28; French
traders on, 7. 79, 9. 28; and No- | Hutchinson, Edward, slain by In-
rumbega, 7. 82, 87-89; early
cartography, 88, 9. 27; Alle-
fonsce ascends, 7. 89, 9. 27.
Huguenots, attempted colony in Bra-
zil, 3. 342; attempted colony in
Florida, 342-354; in Virginia, 5.
238; in South Carolina, 376;
rise and fall of the movement, 6.
54, 122, 8. 393-396, 398, 399;
kept out of Canada, 6. 97, 7.
150, 9. 90; in Massachusetts, 6.
171, 8. 401; migration, 7. 149,
8. 399; in New York, 396,
397, 402-405; effect of emigra-
tion on France, 400.
Human sacrifice, and middle period
of barbarism, 1. 136, 138 n.;
in Mexican tribes, 137, 3. 33,
34, 66-68; among the Chibchas,
93; suppressed by the Incas, 148-
150, 150 n., 157.
Humboldt, Alexander von, author-
ity on Columbus, 2. 9 n. ; refutes
charges against Vespucius, 263,
397.
Hundred, basis of early representation
in Virginia, 4. 219, 267.
Hunt, Robert, first clergyman of
English America, 4. 109.
Hunter, Robert, governor of New
York, character, 8. 282; and the
assembly, 283, 284; on his expe-
riences as governor, 285.
Hunter, William, Maryland priest,
reprimanded, 5. 192.
Huron Indians, kin to the Iroquois,
1. 52, 57, 9. 47; annihilated by
Iroquois, I. 55, 9. 49, 101; site,
48; friendship necessary to the
French, 63, 64; and Champlain
attack the Iroquois, 64-70, 86-
remnant in Ohio valley,
263.
Hurtado. See Mendoza.
Hutchinson, Anne, Antinomian cru-
sade, 6. 143; exiled, 145; settles
at Portsmouth, R. I., 146; later
life, 146, 7. 211, 216.
Hutchinson, Thomas, ancestry, 6.
146; chief justice of Massachu-
setts, grants writs of assistance, 10.
15; house sacked, 27; governor,
73; History of Massachusetts Bay,
73; hated and misrepresented, 73-
75; conduct in Boston Massacre
episode, 80-82; on Boston's com-
mittee of correspondence, 94;
depreciates courage of Americans,
119; on Samuel Adams, 140; a
patriot, II. 353.
Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, a
proprietor of Carolina, 5. 317.
Hyde, Edward, governor of North
Carolina, and Carey, 5. 345;
death, 355.
Iberville, Le Moyne d', leads attack
on Schenectady, 8. 225.
Iceland, settled, 1. 177; and Mas-
sachusetts, 177, 178 n.; growth
and literature, 178; present con-
dition, 179 n.; effect of trade
monopoly, 260; not reached by
Black Death, 261 n.; Columbus
in, 2. 59.
Illinois Indians, I. 51, 9. 100, 129,
263.
Imago Mundi, influence on Colum-
bus, 2. 46, 53 n.-55 n.
Impressment, in Boston, 10. 59-
61; ordered by Parliament, 206.
Imprisonment for debt in America,
12. 205.
Incas, Peruvian tribe, 3. 123; be-
come ruling caste, 124, 139, 167.
See also Peruvians.
Incas, Peruvian rulers, list, 3. 100 n.;
origin of title, 124; power, 141-
144, 155; vice-deity, 144, 154;
and the vestal nuns, 153; chil-
dren, 153, 155; wife, 154. See
also Peru.
Independence, Samuel Adams de-
cides for, 10. 63, 67; growth of
desire for, 64-67, 155, 186,
203-205; legendary Mecklen-
burg County Resolves, 150-152;
steps toward, 185, 192, 213;
opposition, 186; colonies instruct
for, 209, 212, 213, 217, 218,
220, 221; Lee's resolution, 215;
debate, 216, 224–226; vote, 226;
declaration, 227, 229; consider-
ations on declaration, 229-231;
recognition of, a condition of
peace, 250, II. II, 27; English
ministry favourable to recognition,
348; necessary to union, 354;
question of English acknowledg-
ment, 12. 10, 16, 25, 29.
India Bill, Fox's, 12. 54.
Indian corn, importance, I. 33, 4.
184, 5. 3; productive power, I.
121 n.; mentioned in Vinland
saga, 209-211.
Indians, anthropology and archæ-
ology: type, I. I, 218; differenti-
ation, 2, 25, 28 n.; origin, 2-4,
17, 23, 169; no intercourse with
Asia, 24; not Eskimos, 25; only
one race, 25-28; culture status,
32, 35-37, 39-41, 97, 3. 92-
94; languages, I. 45, 6. 257;
groups and their location, I. 45-
57, 98, 3. 95, 96, 5. 348-350,
6. 147, 9. 42-45, 63, 99, 106,
263; cruelty, I. 58; morality,
61; hospitality, 81, 7. 106;
mound builders, I. 161-168;
stage of development at time of
discovery, 169; mental character-
istics, 4. 152, 9. 22, 66, 269.
Economic and social life: can-
nibalism, 1. 59, 2. 154, 328,
413, 3. 62 n., 148, 8. 249 n.;
religion, 1. 61, 103, 9. 67; folk-
lore, I. 61, 62 n.; social basis,
67, 76, 91, 102; marriage, 76,
81; communism, 77-81, 93,
122; houses, 78–80, 93–96, 99–
106, 8. 93-96; position of
women, I. 81, 83; structure and
rights of clan, 82; funeral cus-
toms, 83, 123, 3. 93, 151;
origin and structure of phratry, I.
84; structure of tribe, 85; con-
federation, 86-91, 4. 110,7. 205,
9. 46; common social structure,
93; warfare, 219–222, 6. 291-
293, 9. 68-70, 283; dance, 4.
134; adoption, 128-130; pesti-
lence, 6. 101, 9. 54. See also
Aztecs, Mayas, Peruvians.
Intertribal relations: primacy of
the Iroquois, I. 55-57, 5. 67,
6. 148, 261, 7. 141, 213, 332,
8. 193, 200, 9. 47-49, 101,
263; perpetual war, I. 58;
in North Carolina, 5. 350; in
New England, 6. 205-209, 263,
7. 172, 174; Algonquins dis-
place Iroquois in Canada, 42-44.
Relations with the whites: fear
unknown animals, I. 193, 216,
3. 40, 217 n.; and Northmen,
1. 193, 215; and Columbus, 2.
114, 160; taken to Europe, 128,
4. 66, 6. 91, 7. 68, 8. 282, 9.
14, 22; origin of name, 2. 128;
attack Spanish in Hispaniola, 173;
Ovando's treatment, 3. 257-259;
Powhatans and Virginia, 4. 110-
112, 118-121, 133, 140, 153-
166, 198-200, 269; massacres
in Virginia, 223, 357; receding
frontier, 264; plans to educate,
274, 288, 5. 144, 6. 255; in
Maryland, 4. 321, 341; war
preceding Bacon's Rebellion, 5.
67-76, 83-86, 88, 95; Tusca-
rora War in North Carolina, 347-
355; trouble in South Carolina,
356-358; and the Pilgrims, 6.
101-104; Roger Williams on
rights, 140; Pequot War, 156-
163, 7. 175, 178; treatment in
New England, 6. 205, 253-255,
260, 263–267; missionary work,
255-260, 265, 279, 300, 8. 60,
286, 9. 86, 89, 92, 103, 235,
262; why peaceful in Pennsylva-
nia, 6. 261, 8. 191-194; King
Philip's War, 6. 267-303, 8.
55-58, 67-71; French policy, | Ingle, Richard, invasion of Maryland,
7. 112, 8. 60, 9. 62-64, 70,
71, 105, 239; sale of firearms,
7. 124, 206, 247, 8. 67; colo-
nial land purchases, 7. 140, 157,
8. 187-191, 9. 238; war with
Delawares in New Netherland, 7.
205-218, 226, 314-318; New
York commissioners, 8. 66;
Penn's treaty, 184; massacre at
Schenectady, 224-227; and Fron-
tenac, 229, 9. 116; and Cartier,
15-22; both French and English
incite Indian raids, 239-241; de-
struction of Norridgewock, 243;
bounty for Indian scalps, 245;
Lovewell's fight, 245-248; de-
cline of French influence, 261-
267; as French allies in French
and Indian War, 288, 298, 301,
308, 310, 313-315, 338, 346;
as English allies, 297, 300, 341;
convention at Easton, 340; rela-
tions proposed in Albany Plan, 10.
9; in Burgoyne's campaign, 314,
322-328; both sides employ in
the Revolution, II. 100, 124,
137 n.; Lord Dunmore's War,
117-122. See also Fur-trade, Iro-
quois, Mexico, Mexico City, Peru,
Slavery (Indian).
Indies, book of Cosmas Indicopleus-
tes on, I. 307, 309; Polo de-
scribes, 328; Friar Odoric's visit,
332; Columbus's plan to sail
westward to, takes shape, 2. 24;
interest in westward route, 24-26;
Toscanelli on westward route, 28-
33; origin of westward route, 35-
37, 41-43, 47, 72; general be-
lief that Columbus had reached,
129; Spanish department, 148-
150; Gama's voyage, 191;
Por-
tuguese control, 416-418, 7. 55;
Dutch control, 3. 395, 7. 57-
60, 117; English in, 61. See
also North America.
Indigo, cultivation in South Caro-
lina, 5. 380-382.
Ingoldsby, Richard, lieutenant-gov-
ernor of New York, 8. 230, 281;
arrival, 234; Leisler defies, 235.
Ingram, David, wanderings in
America, 1. 288, 4. 23.
Inns, southern, 5. 255; New York,
8. 331.
Intendant of Canada, duties, 9. 102.
Intercourse, plans to improve, be-
tween East and West, 12. 251-
255. See also Trade, Travel.
International law, former loose ideas,
4. 26, 5. 401. See also Neutral-
ity.
Iowas, Dakota Indians, I. 48.
Ipswich, Mass., protests against
Andros's tyranny, 6. 338.
Irish, legendary voyage to America,
1. 172; in Iceland, 172.
Iroquois (Five Nations, Six Nations),
Huron-Iroquois Indians, I. 53;
location and its importance, 54, 8.
244, 9. 18, 42-46; tribes, I.
54, 5. 355, 8. 288 n., 9. 45-
47; confederation, 1. 54, 86-
92, 118 n., 135, 9. 46; prow-
ess and conquests, I. 55, 133 n.,
5. 67, 6. 148, 261, 7. 141, 213,
332, 8. 193, 200, 9. 47-49,
101, 263; number, 1. 87 n.,
conversion, 88 n., 8. 60, 286,
9. 262; "long house," 1. 78-
80; relations with the French,
Dutch, and English, 3. 361, 6.
162, 262, 7. 123, 141, 8. 60, 66,
200-202, 248, 281, 9. 70, 71,
103, 262; importance in Ameri-
can history, 7. 111, 8. 61; ob-
tain firearms, 7. 124, 206, 8.
67; Courcelle's invasion, 58, 9.
102; conference with Andros,
8. 62-65; defeat King Philip,
70; conference with New Eng-
land envoys, 70; raid in Canada
in 1689, 204; Frontenac's inva-
sion, 230; chiefs in England,
282; and Burnet's fur-trade re-
forms, 288 ; first fight with
Frenchmen, 9. 68-70; second
defeat by the French, 80; Cham-
plain attacks a village, 86-88;
and the Albany Congress, 279;
with Johnson s army, 297; atti-
tude in French and Indian War,
340; attitude in the Revolution,
10. 193, 335, 11. 104, 113;
with St. Leger's expedition, 10.
335, 338-340, 346; at Wyo-
ming massacre, II. 107-109;
at Cherry Valley massacre, 109;
Sullivan's expedition against, 110-
113; Mohawk Valley raids, 113.
Irrigation, criterion of social status in
America, I. 36; use by Pueblo
Indians, 98; by Peruvians, 3.
115, 122.
Irving, Washington, authority on
Columbus, 2. 9 n.; satire on
Twiller, 7. 166; reception of his
Knickerbocker, 186.
Isabella, queen of Castile, absorbed
231, 236-239, 251-258; Gon
domar's influence, 229–231, 233;
and Parliament, 230, 244, 257;
and Raleigh, 232-235; death,
279; hatred of Presbyterianism,
6. 82, 84; statecraft, 83, 118;
consents to Pilgrim migration,
97; Dæmonologie, 9. 142.
James II. of England, flight, 5.
185, 6. 339, 8. 208; unites the
northern colonies, 205; friend-
ship for Penn, 343-345; Penn's
trust, 347, 351; and the seven
bishops, 349-351. See also York.
James, Thomas, Puritan minister in
Virginia, 4. 355, 356.
James City County, origin of its
name, 5. 45 n.
Jamestown, Va., founded,
unhealthful, 178, 5. 141;
churches, 189, 285; legislature
meets at, 219, 285; size in 1676,
5. 75; Berkeley occupies, 101;
Bacon captures and burns, 101-
103; rebuilt, 140; again de-
stroyed and present condition, 140;
attempt to force growth, 246.
See also Virginia.
Jan Mayen Island, Arctic Ocean,
possible visit of Columbus, 2.
59.
in Moorish war, 2. 79, 88; and
Columbus's plan, 90, 95-97, 99,
100; pledging of her jewels,
102 n.; reception of Columbus
after first voyage, 127; not given
credit for the discovery, 139 n.;
edicts of 1495 and 1497, 178,
308-311; dissatisfaction with Co-Japan, Marco Polo describes, I.
lumbus, 190, 192, 307; recep-
tion of Columbus returning in
chains, 196; responsibility for
Bobadilla, 196; death, 208; and
Indian slavery, 3. 255, 261, 264.
Isabella, Hispaniola, founded, 2.
Jackson, Andrew, at Hanging Rock,
Jamaica, discovery, 2. 160; Colum-
bus shipwrecked, 207, 208; and
the pirates, 5. 415, 416.
James I. of England, accession, 4.
64; charters Virginia companies,
71; Counterblast to Tobacco, 206;
and the London Company, 227,
328, 335; Toscanelli on, 2. 32;
object of Columbus's first voyage,
104; search for, in the Bahamas,
116; and Hayti, 120.
Japanese junks driven to America, I.
173.
Jaques, Christovão, voyage to South
America, 2. 401.
Jay, John, Bristol merchant, pro-
motes maritime expeditions, 2.
215.
Jay, John, Huguenot ancestry, 8.
404; peace envoy, suspects and
thwarts Vergennes, 12. 25; and
the separate negotiations, 27;
credit for the negotiations, 41;
secretary for foreign affairs, and
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