Smith, 144 Pa. St. 428; 27 Am. St. Rep. 641, and note. See, also, the extended note to Williamson v. Yager, 34 Am. St. Rep. 202.

TRUST ESTATES-WHEN SUBJECT TO DEBTS OF CESTUI QUE TRUST.-EStates of every kind held in trust are subject to the debts of persons for whose benefit they are held, although the instrument creating the trust may provide otherwise, unless the trustee is given a discretionary power to withhold all payment or benefit from the cestui que trust: Bland v. Bland, 90 Ky. 400; 29 Am. St. Rep. 390, and note.

PERPETUITIES.-When created, and the rule against: See Lawrence's Estate, 136 Pa. St. 354; 20 Am. St. Rep. 925, and note, and the extended note to Barnum v. Barnum, 90 Am. Dec. 101.

TWISS v. GUARANTY LIFE ASSOCIATION.

[87 IOWA, 733.]

CORPORATIONS-ULTRA VIRES.-A CONTRACT, WHEREBY A GUARANTY LIFE ASSOCIATION UNDERTAKES to pay losses which may accrue against another and similar association, is an attempt to divert the funds to objects not authorized by its charter, and is therefore ultra vires and void. CORPORATIONS.-IF AN ULTRA VIRES CONTRACT IS PERFORMED BY ONE SIDE, the other contracting party cannot be permitted to enjoy the benefits received, and will be required in a proper action to account; but one whose condition has not changed or been prejudiced by the ultra vires contract cannot compel its enforcement.

Caswell & Meeker, for the appellant.

Mitchell & Dudley, and Nourse & Nourse, for the appellee.

734 ROTHROCK, J. 1. It is admitted that David M. Twiss held a valid policy of insurance upon his life in the Guaranty association, and that the same was in full force at the time of his death, which occurred in the month of May, 1889, and that the plaintiff herein is the beneficiary under said policy. The appellant was in no way a party to the contract of insurance, but it is claimed that it is liable to pay the amount of the loss, by reason of an alleged written contract, which it is claimed was entered into between the said two insurance companies after the death of said David M. Twiss. The written agreement was made and entered into by one H. S. Halbert, who was secretary of the Southwestern association, and by one Pickell, who styled himself president of the Guaranty Life Association. The following is a copy of said written agreement:

"This agreement, made and entered into between the Southwestern Mutual Benefit Association, of Marshalltown.

Iowa, and the Guaranty Life Association of Des Moines, Iowa, and H. M. Pickell, as trustee for the benefit of the policy holders, severally, of said last-named company, witnesseth; that the said company first above named hereby agrees with the said Guaranty Life Association and H. M. Pickell, as trustee, that it will, in consideration of the transfer to it by the Guaranty Life Association of all its assets, books, and furniture, perform all and singular the undertakings, agreements, and covenants heretofore made and now outstanding against said Guaranty Life Association in favor of its policy holders, and will pay all its liabilities for losses unpaid. In consideration of the premises the said Guaranty company agrees that it will, and it does hereby, transfer and convey unto said first above-named company all its books, furniture, and its assets of every kind and nature, and agrees not to further 735 transact its business of life insurance in the state of Iowa or elsewhere.

[SIGNED]

"SOUTHWESTERN MUT. BENEFIT Ass'N,

"By H. S. Halbert, Secretary. "GUARANTY LIFE ASSOCIATION,

"H. M. Pickell, President

"Des Moines, Iowa, June 18, 1889."

There can be no doubt that, if this were a valid agreement, it is an end of the controversy. It plainly provides that the appellant shall pay all the liabilities of the Guaranty company for losses unpaid. The policy in suit was a valid, existing, unpaid loss. But it is contended in behalf of the appellant that the written agreement is void because it was an act and undertaking not authorized by the corporate articles of association of either of the defendants, and that it was entered into by the parties, and the same was signed, without authority from their respective boards of directors. It is further claimed that said Pickell induced said Halbert to sign the agreement by certain alleged false and fraudulent representations as to the resources of the Guaranty company, and that said agreement is void by reason of said fraud. We do not regard it necessary to examine this question of fraud. The evidence is in conflict with reference thereto, and a jury might properly find for either party on that issue. And it is unnecessary to determine whether Pickell, the alleged president of the Guaranty Life Company, was authorized by his board of directors to make the contract upon which the action is founded.

We have directed our attention to the question as to whether the contract was such an obligation as the Southwestern association was authorized to make by its articles of incorporation. If it was in excess of its power it is void, and cannot be enforced as a contract; and while in such a case, where an ultra vires contract 736 has been partly performed, the party repudiating it may be compelled to account for whatever benefits may have been received by reason of it, yet this exception, or rather modification, of the rule has no application in the case at bar. The fact is that the appellant did not receive any real benefit from the transaction. It paid the sum of fifteen hundred dollars to the said Pickell, and received in return about twelve hundred dollars, and some office furniture worth about one hundred dollars. It is true that the two persons who assumed to make this contract undertook to transfer the membership of the Guaranty company to the appellant company, and, in response to a circular sent out to said members, about four hundred of them did agree to the transfer. Much has been urged in argument to the effect that the appellant, by reason of this accession of members, has received a sufficient consideration to uphold the transaction, or to require it to pay the losses of the Guar anty company. We do not think that this claim can be maintained. The aggregate amount of said losses is about eleven thousand dollars. If the appellant should pay that amount for four hundred members it would be a palpable fraud upon all of the other members of the appellant company. It would be the payment of a bonus of about twenty-five dollars each for new members. It would be a withdrawal and appropriation of eleven thousand dollars of trust funds, without the semblance of any authority to do so, either by the insurance laws of this state, or by any provision of the articles of incorporation. This proposition is so plain that it requires no further consideration.

That the making of the contract was in excess of the power of the appellant there should be no question. We need not set out the articles of incorporation or the by-laws. It is enough to say that the contract, so far as it attempts to bind the appellant, is contrary to the 737 whole scope and purpose of the corporation. The payment of these losses would be a diversion of trust funds to other objects than those authorized by the charter, and would be a crime: Code, sec. 1072. Both of these companies were organized upon the assessment plan.

The assessments were made quarterly, and a fixed amount was required to be paid. A certain amount was set apart for an expense fund, and the remainder was designated as the mortuary fund. The articles of association explicitly provide as to the disposition to be made of these several funds. There is not one word in the whole record which by the remotest implication can be construed as authorizing the secretary, or even the board of directors, to use any part of the proceeds of these quarterly payments for such a purpose as paying the death losses of any other insurance company. It is unnecessary to further discuss this question. It appears to us that the undertaking to pay the losses of the Guaranty company is plainly in excess of the power of the appellant or any of its officers. The facts of the case bring it within the rules announced in Lucas v. White Line Transfer Co., 70 Iowa, 542; 59 Am. Rep. 449; Davis v. Old Colony R. R. Co., 131 Mass.-258; 41 Am. Rep. 221. And see, also, 2 Morawetz on Private Corporations, secs. 580, 581, 591, 607, 609.

2. But it is claimed in behalf of the appellee that the contract is executed, and that the appellant is estopped from questioning its validity. As we have said, where an ultra vires contract is made and performed on one side, the other party cannot be permitted to enjoy the benefits received, but will be required in a proper action to account; in other words, the doctrine of a want of power to contract cannot be invoked to aid a party to perpetrate wrong and injustice. But this case presents no such features. It is conceded that the Guaranty company was bankrupt when the contract in question 738 was made. Complaint had been made to the state auditor that it was not paying its death losses promptly, and it was unable to obtain a certificate authorizing it to continue in business. It is said by counsel for the appellee, in argument, that for the payment of these death losses the Guaranty had no means whatsoever, except its annual premiums, payable in quarterly installments. It had no certificate authorizing it to do business after March, 1889. The death. losses had been such as to require the proceeds of the mortuary calls to meet the claim, and, in addition, had used up the reserve fund. It was in this condition when the insured, David M. Twiss, died, and the claim of the plaintiff accrued.

It is urged with apparent confidence that, as there were some five hundred and sixty-seven members of the Guaranty company when it failed, the appellant should be required to

pay its death losses upon the ground that by the contract it acquired some four hundred new members. We have already said that the appellant was not authorized to buy members in this way, and on any such terms. Let us see whether there is any ground for the alleged estoppel. If there is any reason for such a claim it must be because the appellant, by seeking a transfer of the membership, put it out of the power of the plaintiff to compel payment by the Guaranty company. The wrong and injury to the plaintiff, if any, consists in taking away the membership so that the members did not pay their quarterly dues to the Guaranty company, by the payment of which the plaintiff would have received the amount due on the policy. It appears to us that this is a most unwarranted assumption. It is based upon the theory that, if the contract had not been made, the five hundred and sixty-seven members would have continued to pay quarterly installments to the Guaranty company until all of the death claims were satisfied 739 and all other claims paid. That this would have occurred is not only not probable, but highly improbable. Members of such organizations are not more likely to pay money for nothing than other people. The fact is, the record shows beyond all question that, if the contract had not been made between the two companies, the plaintiff's claim was absolutely worthless. That the position of the plaintiff was in any manner changed, to her prejudice, by the contract, not only does not appear, but the face of the transaction shows that it was not. That is about all there is of this case. It was tried by a jury, and the defendant moved that a verdict be directed for the defendant. The motion was overruled. We think it should have been sustained, on the ground that the conceded facts in the case showed that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover. Reversed.

CORPORATIONS-ULTRA VIRES-ACTS IN EXCESS OF POWER CONFERRED BY CHARTER.-Acts done in excess of the power conferred by a corporate charter are void in the sense that they can have no effect to divest the corporation of any right in or to any property belonging to it: Franco-Texan Land Co. v. McCormick, 85 Tex. 416; 34 Am. St. Rep. 815, and note.

CORPORATIONS-ULTRA VIRES AGREEMENTS-PARTIAL EXECUTION-AOCOUNTING.—Ân ultra vires contract will not be specifically enforced in equity, nor will an action at law lie thereon, but if it has been partially or Completely executed by either of the parties, he may, by proceeding in the proper court, recover to the extent of the benefit received by the other party: Greenville Compress etc. Co. v. Planters' Compress etc. Co., 70 Miss. 669; 35 Am. St. Rep. 681, and note, with the cases collected.