agricultural community. Other things equal, no farmer should vote against the common school, the high school, or the agricultural college; nor should he entertain an objection because all the pupils do not advance to the privileges of the freer higher grades. Society needs the future services of those who do so advance. Nature has regulated this matter, however. As society improves it becomes classified. In higher grades of classification fewer individuals are needed. There are many common people; there are few uncommon individuals. This is a fact that was, is, and is to be. Neither should the agricultural class complain because the advanced scholar, educated largely at the expense of the public, does n't come back directly to the farm. The development of capacity proves one's right to a corresponding social position and function. A wider range of cultivated ideas entitles one to a wider range of active influence. More than this, the farming community needs its representatives in the higher ranks of society. The children of farmers are bone of their bone and flesh of their flesh. They are forever bound to their parentage in filial loyalty. They are one with their ancestral social stock in a common sympathy and a general understanding. In the higher administrative ranks of society they become ambassadors, assistants, protectors, and saviors of their socially ancestral constituency. Thus in part is the chasm between agriculture and the more powerful classes bridged over. In this, the farming community has a security worth a fair proportion of the cost of it.

XII.

We close. There is nothing new in this article. We have tried to follow a path of reasoning that nature and history have already sufficiently indicated. By nature, in history, society advances and improves. Individual men in society take positions and assume activities according to subordinate dynamic relations. Other things equal, they advance according to their capacities, and recede according to their incapacities. In their several, varied capacities, they also are all subject to necessary trial conditions and crucial experiences, till human society fulfils its mission. Classified according to their capacities and resultant activities, in civilization, all men and associations of

men are inter-dependent. They advance and are made happier by virtue of the acknowledgment and cultivation of that interdependence. This is the law from the beginning. It will be the law unto the end. Because it is the law, its expressed principle will triumph. But who would try to prevent its triumph? Will any man knowingly waste effort and energy? Still more, will any man grieve his own heart needlessly by contending with the inevitable? It is indefinably disastrous to contend with the law of creation. "Whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken, but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder." This is a thing that was, and is, and is to be.

TUBERCULOSIS: ITS EFFECTS UPON THE

MILK OF THE COW.*

BY DR. B. BANG,

Teacher at the Royal Veterinary School and Agricultural Academy, Copenhagen.

My purpose in calling attention to tuberculosis in the udder of the milch cow is with the hope of contributing somewhat to the knowledge of the medical profession with reference to the important relation existing between tuberculosis in the domestic animals and man. It has been acknowledged by all sides that the danger of the transmission of this disease to man from animals lies chiefly in the consumption of milk from diseased cows, it being one of the chief articles of food among human beings, and especially because it is largely used in an uncooked condition. Although we must, a priori, assume that all milk derived from a cow complicated with tuberculosis carries with it an infectious character, this is still greater when the organ of its production, the udder, is the seat of tuberculous processes. Medical men have emphasized this idea. Galtier even asserts that the milk only has virulent properties when the udder is affected. Koch endorses this opinion. In his work upon the etiology of tuberculosis he says,—" It is above all things necessary to infection that the milk is infected with tubercle bacilli. This does not appear to be the case save when the milk glands are also the seat of the processes of tuberculosis."

It is evident that Koch is not inclined to look upon the consumption of the milk from cows afflicted with tuberculosis as of very great practical importance, as he does not consider that the tuberculosis of animals plays as important a role in the etiology of tuberculosis in man as many other authors have

*From the Journal of Medicine and Surgery.

done. It will be my task to emphasize the importance of such milk as a source of infection. I hope to do so by proving the frequency of tuberculosis in the udder, as well as the highly virulent properties of the milk secreted by such udders.

It is well known that the processes of tuberculosis complicate the udder as well as the other organs, although we cannot say that veterinarians have given the attention to this particular part of the question which its importance deserves. So far as I know, its occurrence in the udder is most frequently mentioned in German literature.

Franck describes the disease as follows: "The udder is frequently invaded by numerous tubercles of variable dimensions. The disease does not generally extend to the udder with or shortly after parturition, but more frequently much later. The milk secretion diminishes, the milk itself becomes watery and viscid, then follow hypertrophy and induration of the affected part of the udder, or the whole organ, these conditions sometimes becoming very prominent, the organ weighing forty to fifty pounds; sometimes we can feel the nodes by palpitation. The hypertrophy constantly increases, while the milk secretion as constantly decreases to absolute cessation. The udder frequently becomes almost as hard as a stone. General phenomena, aside from those common to tuberculosis, fail. On slaughtering the animal, one finds the udder to be sclerotic, and infected by tubercles in various stages of development. The lymph glands in the vicinity of the udder also become complicated, as a rule. Small abscesses are frequently formed. Treatment is useless."

In 1868 Färstenberg considered the disease under the name of "sarcomatosis." He did not look upon it as of very frequent occurrence. Pflug mentioned having observed it in 1877. Galtier and Walley mention its occurrence in France and England respectively. It is thus evident that this peculiar complication of the udder in the milch cow is by no means unknown. Pathologists have considered it as of a most important occurrence. Notwithstanding these facts, the disease has never been subjected to intimate analysis or thorough study.

It has been my fortune to observe an uncommonly large number of cases during the last few years. In 1881 I saw two

In an

very marked cases in the cattle hospital of our school. swer to my inquiries, veterinarians have sent me three tuberculous udders, as well as a cow afflicted with the disease in this organ. During the next year I had no occasion to observe the disease, but during the last winter the cases accumulated so rapidly that in the course of seven months seven different cows were found thus diseased in seven different dairies in the city or its vicinity. A renewed appeal to the veterinarians was rewarded by fourteen new cases. Six of the same were discovered at the Copenhagen cattle mart. I was enabled to make an intra-vital as well as post-mortal examination of most of them.

An intra-vital diagnosis of this complication can be generally made without difficulty, and very early in the disease. In brief, this complication is not characterized by any perceptible general disturbances. It frequently presents itself as a very diffuse, painless intumescence of one quarter (seldom two) of the udder, most frequently one of the posterior ones. The tumefaction is generally considerable when the veterinarian's attention is first called to it. This is chiefly ascribable to the little importance which the dairyman frequently gives to such occurrences. From personal observation I have, however, come to the conviction that no inconsiderable degree of tumefaction can occur in a very few days.

It is worthy of especial attention that such a markedly tumefied udder can at first yield an apparently healthy milk. This fact is of essential value in the differential diagnosis between this complication of the udder and those of a purely inflammatory character, whereby the milk secretion is always changed in its character, frequently to a very high degree.

In cases of violent mastitis a very acute tumefaction of the organ takes place in a few hours, accompanied by fever. In such cases either no milk at all is secreted, or only a thin, serous, sometimes offensive smelling fluid. In milder forms of inflammation the secretion may present a more milk-like appearance, but it is always thin, watery, and contains whitish, flocculent, or caseous masses of variable dimensions.

Only when the inflammation has essentially subsided, can an apparently normal milk be again secreted, though the intumescence may not have entirely disappeared. In violent mastitis