xvi POETIC ORNAMENTS AND LICENCES 2. Such repetitions as the following are pretty, and may be imitated: Tu pennas gemmâ, gemmâ variante capillos. Murmura disjectam vaticinata ratem. . The present Infinitive (Historical Inf.) is often used for the Finite Verb. κ. The Historic present is often used for the Aorist. A. The Enclitics que, ně, vě are often annexed to some word to which they do not strictly belong: (a) When the word to which they are annexed is common to both members of the sentence :- e. g. Messalam terra dum sequiturque mari. Ne capiti Soles ne noceantque nives. Cf. Tibull. i. 1. 51. (b) When the word to which they are annexed is quadrisyllabic:-e.g. Mensibus antiquis præposuitque duos. Add Tibull. i. 6. 54, 3. 38; ii. 5. 72. Ov. Tr. iv. 1. 39, and passim. N.B. Be careful not to join the enclitic to the former of the words which it connects or separates. E. g. "vaccam venditque juvencam" might stand by (a) above; but "vendit vaccamque juvencam," or "vaccamque vendit juvencam," would be absurd. AIDS TO VERSIFICATION. The following will be found useful, and may be committed to memory with advantage. I. a. "Dare" with acc. of substantive verb; e. g. dare ruinam = ruere, dare ruborem = rubere, It is also occasionally used with adjectives; = Lassaque facta mari lassaque facta viâ lassata. c. Prohibitions may be expressed by-noli, parce, mitte, fuge, desine-with verb in inf. or by "cave," with verb in subj. 66 d. A command, or request, may be expressed by "fac," 'facito," with 2nd pers. subj. See also VII. 5, note, on "Quin." e. A comparative may occasionally be expressed by the positive with "plus solito," "præter solitum," "plus justo." 1 f. A superlative may be expressed by a periphrasis with the comparative. Instead of saying, "the handsomest youth," you may say more elegantly, "a youth, than whom none other is handsomer," juvenis, quo non formosior alter. g. "Former" may be translated by "qui fuit ante."Compare "lacrimas quas dabat illa," her tears; "quos colit ille lares," his house, &c. &c. 1 Obs. "quantum non "magis quam." Hor. Epod. xvii. 31. h. "All" may be elegantly translated by "quidquid," with gen. of noun or neuter adj. A few instances will suffice. E. g. "He carried off all the silver there was in the city." Lat. Abstulit argenti quidquid in urbe fuit.-"All a woman's beauty." Lat. "Quidquid habet pulcri mulier." "All the Lydians who inhabited the Etruscan territory." Lat. "Lydorum quidquid Etruscos incoluit fines." Compare the use of "quot." e. g. "Every day," quotquot eunt dies: "all the islanders," quot colunt insulam. (Cf. Tibull. i. 1. 51. Catull. iii. 2.) i. English Compound Adjectives may often be expressed by the Latin gen. or abl. of quality, with epithet. E. g. bare-headed,' "nudo capite:"blue-eyed,' "cæruleis oculis:" an honest-faced lad,' " ingenui vultûs puer." = II. 1. Notice:-non sine = cum (prep.): non ullus = nullus non nullus : aliquis nullus non = omnis : non unus = plurimus: non alius = idem. Similarly: non levis non humilis = superbus, &c. gravissimus: Also-non nisi non tantùm: non unquam = nunquam: nunquam = sæpe: non bene = malè, or vix: non malè bene: nil non omnia. So:non memini = obliviscor: non sino, non patior = veto. 2. Observe also the intensive force of "bene," e. g. bene fidus fidissimus and the negative force of "malè," "parum," : ""minus." E. g. Male fidus, "faithless." Parum castus, "polluted." Minus audiens, "inattentive to." Note also" malè," in the sense of, "to one's cost." III. Notice the following pleonasms:-Et vel adhuc: -pariter-pariter :-nimium nimiumque :iterumque iterumque: inde vel inde-nisi si nisi: tunc quum = quum :-si licet, et fas est-fertque refertque:-statve caditve:itque reditque: terque quaterque, &c. &c. IV. Look out in your Dictionary, and note the usages of (a) Matutinus, vespertinus, nocturnus, serus. (b) Dedoleo, dedisco, desuesco, defloreo, depudet. (c) Muto, fallo, amo, audio, mŏror. V. The Ethic Datives-mihi, tibi, nobis, vobis-are often elegantly redundant. Sic tibi planitiem curvae sinus ambit arenæ. "So, look you," &c. Quid mihi Celsus agit? "What is my Celsus doing?" Ubi nunc nobis Deus ille magister? Occasionally they are almost equivalent to the possessive pronoun; e. g. "tibi ripa viret," thy bank is green; just as cui ripa" would be used for the "cujus ripa" of prose. VI. Two uses of the vocative require special notice. a. The possessive genitive may be turned into the vocative with the addition of "tuus" or "vester." E. g g. Eng. The Tiber's banks. Lat. Thy banks, O Tiber. b. The 3rd person may be changed into the 2nd Terretur minimo pennæ stridore columba The chief use of these constructions is in VII. The use of certain conjunctions is productive of great elegance. Such are-At, ergo, nempe, scilicet, sic, siccine, quippe, &c. A few examples are subjoined : 1. At. "But it will be said," introducing an allegation, or objection, started by another. At bene nupta feror, quia nominer Herculis uxor. It is also expressive of sudden emotion; e. g. At, O Deorum quidquid in cœlo regit. Cf. Virg. Æn. ii. 535. 2. Ergo. "Can it be that!" "So then!" (like os apa.) Ergo Quintilium perpetuus sopor urget? Ergo sollicita tu causa, Pecunia, vitæ es? Cf. Crabbe, Parish Register, Part iii. "Go, of my sexton seek whose days are sped? What! he himself! and is old Dibble dead?" And M. G. Lewis, Sir Agilthorn, "And must sad Eva lose her lord? And must he seek the martial plain ?" 3. Licet (sometimes "licebit") with subj. "although." 4. Nempe, in answer to questions; as we say, "Why," -"the fact is." 5. Quin1? "Why not?" with a verb in ind. pres. Imperative. E. g. = Eia age, quin fugimus? mecum pete sola locorum. " Fly to the desert, fly with me." 6. Quo? "To what end?" (this word should be looked out specially, and the variety and peculiarity of its constructions noted.) Cf. use of “unde.” 7. Scilicet. "I ween;" often ironical, "forsooth." 1 Commands, prohibitions, and petitions may be interrogatively expressed; e. g. "Quin taces ?" Hush! "Cui (das) verba ?" None of your falsehoods! "Quò fugis ?" Stay!-(Compare I. d.) |