connection with Arctic explorations. In early life Moses went to New York, and entered the firm of Fish, Grinnell & Co., dealers in whale oil. Two of his brothers were partners in this firm, whose name was changed, in 1828, to Grinnell, Minturn & Co., under which title it has become extensively known as one of the chief mercantile houses in the country. In 1838 Mr. Grinnell was elected to Congress by the Whigs, but at the next election he was defeated. He now gave his attention exclusively to his extensive business. In 1856 he was a presidential elector on the Republican ticket. In 1869 he was appointed Collector of New York, in which position he was succeeded by Thomas Murphy, in 1870. Mr. Grinnell was one of the most public-spirited and respected citizens of New York. He became President of the Phoenix Bank in 1835, and continued one of its directors till his death. He became President of the Chamber of Commerce in 1843, and held the position for several years. He was a member of the original Central Park Commission, and from 1860 to 1865 was one of the Commissioners of Charities and Correction. During the war he contributed liberally in time and money to the Union cause, and was an active member of the Union Defense Committee.

GUATEMALA (REPÚBLICA DE GUATEMALA), one of the five independent States of Central America, extending from 13° 50' to 18° 15' north latitude, and from 88° 14′ to 93° 12' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Mexican State of Chiapas; on the east by British Honduras and the Caribbean Sea; on the south by the republics of Honduras and San Salvador; and on the southwest by the Pacific Ocean.

(For the territorial division of the country, and statistics concerning area, population, etc., reference may be made to the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1875.)

The President of the Republic is LieutenantGeneral Rufino Barrios (elected May 7, 1873). The cabinet is composed of the following members: Minister of the Interior and of Public Works, Señor Don J. Barbarena; Minister of Finance and Public Credit, Señor Don José Antonio Salazar; Minister of War, Señor Don J. M. Barrundia; Minister of Foreign Affairs and of Public Instruction, Señor Dr. Don Lorenzo Montufar.

The United States Minister to Guatemala (and for all five Central American States) is G. Williamson.

The most recent official returns concerning the national revenue are those given in the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1875.

As to the national debt-set down, on January 1, 1875, at:

any other country in the world in proportion to its inhabitants and its riches. Supposing the debt, including all late negotiations, to amount to $5,000,000, it would be equal to $4 for each inhabitant, a sum which does not amount to two years' expenditures, or two years' estimates: Costa Rica owes $107 for each inhabitant, and Honduras $108. It is, therefore, not without good reason that we consider Guatemala is free from debt, or rather that her debt is so insignificant as not to be worth mentioning."

But a short time before the foregoing remarks were penned, the subjoined statement came to light in a British financial journal:

The arrangement made by the Council in 1872 for the payment, in installments, of the two coupons due in that year, has worked satisfactorily. The final settlement was effected in April, 1876, the bondholders receiving 68. 4d. per cent. in excess of the par value of the coupons.

The coupons, due in October, 1875, and April, 1876, fell also in arrear, owing to the war with a neighboring republic. Through the exertion of Sir Heury Scholfield, Her Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires, the agent of the bondholders in Guatemala, payment of these arrear coupons has been arranged by means of Treasury bonds bearing 6 per cent. interest, and payable at twelve months from the above dates respectively.

tober, 1876, the Government has undertaken to pay on November 1 and December 1, 1876, and January 1, 1877, $10,000 each month; on February 1st and March 1st, $15,000; and, subsequently, at least $20000 per month. Two payments of $10,000 each have been received by Sir Henry Scholfield.

With reference to the service of the debt from Oc

The month of May, 1877, brought forth two decrees, one for the purpose of permanently increasing the national revenue, the other to afford immediate relief necessitated by extraordinary outlays. It has been regarded as regrettable that at a time when the country is in the enjoyment of undisturbed peace, General Barrios should resort to such extreme measures as oppressive imposts and a forced loan: the import duties were already little short of prohibitory, such in the case of a number of articles as to double the invoice cost, and being in a few instances upward of 200 per cent. Here follow translations of the decrees referred to:

I, J. Rufino Barrios, General of Division and President of the Republic of Guatemala, considering that the public income ought to increase in proportion to the necessities of the country, and that it is fitting to the national credit to appoint new funds for the extinction of the bonds of the converted debt, thereby favoring the holders of those bonds, in use of the faculties with which I am invested, decree: istrations of taxes will collect 50 per cent. more than ARTICLE 1. From the 1st of July next, the adminis paid at present on every marizana of sugar-cane.

ART. 2. The duties which are collected at present in the custom-houses, both maritime and on the frontier, are raised 25 per cent. on foreign merchandise.

ART. 3. The payment of the augmentation of 25 per cent. hereby established shall be made in the following manner: Counting ten days from this date The revenue rarely exceeds $2,600,000; the expenditure in 1875 was $2,542,600.

for the introduction of goods proceeding from any part of Central America; thirty days for importations from California, Mexico, and South America; two months for goods proceeding from New York and the Antilles; four months for the importations from Europe, if made by steamer, and six months for the same if made by sailing ship.

ART. 4. On paying this tax, 10 per cent. will be paid in bonds of the converted debt and 15 per cent. in cash.

Given in the Government Palace, May 24, 1877. J. RUFINO BARRIOS.

J. Rufino Barrios, General of Division and President of Guatemala, decrees:

ARTICLE 1. A loan of $500,000 shall be raised on the largest capitals of the Republic, payable in monthly payments of $100,000 each, half in silver and half in notes at par; the first payment to be made on the 15th of June next, and the others on the same day of the following months.

ART. 2. The Government will give a bonus of 10 per cent. on all the payments made in coin, and it will also give it on those made in paper when this is at par in the market; it will also pay 1 per cent. interest a month on the whole amount subscribed.

ART. 3. Fifty thousand dollars in paper will be extinguished monthly, twenty-five thousand of this amount being of the present loan, and the other twenty-five thousand the amount of paper destroyed monthly in the administrative offices of the Republic in conformity with a former decree.

ART. 4. For the refunding of the capital and interests of the loan the income from spirits (native) is set apart, of which $75,000 shall be paid every three months, the first payment being made on June 80, 1878.

ART. 5. For the amounts lent, and their corresponding bonuses, bonds of the converted debt will be given. These bonds will be stamped with a special seal bearing the words, "Loan of 1877." After the payment of the interests, these bonds shall be drawn by lot until they reach the rest of the amount destined to be refunded.

ART. 6. The distribution of the loan will be made by the Governors (jefes políticos) in the fairest manner, according to the calculations they are able to make of the capitals of the contributors.

ART. 7. The payments shall be made in this capital in the office of the Central Commission of Consolidation, and in the departments in the office of the Governor.

ART. 8. The persons that resist the punctual pay ment of their respective amounts will thereby render themselves liable to the payment of double the amount which shall be levied on their property in such cases the authorities must proceed in such a manner as to enforce the payment three days after the requisition.

ART. 9. The Minister of the Exchequer is charged

with the execution of this decree.

Given in the Government Palace, May 26, 1877. J. RUFINO BARRIOS.

The Government, according to report, had decided to do away with the National Bank of Guatemala, as not having served the object for which it was originated, and to establish a joint-stock bank in its stead. Messrs. Pedro J. Barros, Francisco Camacho, and Manuel Benito were named by President Barrios as a commission to form a joint-stock company, the capital of which would be employed in estabfishing in the Republic a bank of circulation and discount, on the following basis:

The bank to be established shall be named Banco Comercial de Guatemala, and it will do all kinds of business appropriate to institutions of this class.

It will also emit bills or notes payable to bearer on demand, in good money. The capital of the bank will be, for the present, $1,000,000, in 10,000 shares of $100 each. This capital may be increased by consent of the body of the shareholders. The subscription to shares must be made in the city of Guatemala. The subscribers must deposit 2 per cent. of the nominal value of the shares at the time of subscribing. When one-fourth of the capital has been subscribed, a meeting of the shareholders will be called to form the statutes, name the officers, and organize the bank. Each shareholder will have a vote, and all of the decisions of the general meetings for the progress and administration of the institution shall be in accordance with the absolute majority of the votes present. On the occasion of the first general meeting, a second deposit of 3 per cent. on the nominal value of the shares subscribed must be made.

*

that it was the intention of the Government It was officially announced in February, 1877, to make an important improvement in the military system of the Republic, which would in the end give them a much more reliable, even if a smaller, force, and prove very advantageous in an economical point of view. Instead of the present militia system, by which a number of men are called together for a month or two, and then sent home to be replaced by a similar draft, one or two long-service battalions are to be formed, disciplined in the same manner as European troops and officered by the cadets who have finished their course in the military college. By this means the Government will raiso the status of the army in the country, making it an honorable profession to be adopted and followed, like any of the others, and at the same time will possess a force highly useful either to repel aggression from abroad, or repress insur

rection at home.

The great cause of public instruction continues to be the object of especial care and solicitude on the part of the Government; and the reappointment of Dr. Lorenzo Montufar to the portfolio of Foreign Affairs and Public Instruction is looked upon as a favorable augury for this department.

In order to obviate the difficulties which nat

urally result from the change from the old to the new system of public instruction, the rector of the university had been empowered, when question arose, to act in the matter as he may judge best. The establishment of a complete school in Alta Verapaz had been decreed. The Minister of War had issued a decree tending to secure military discipline and improve the instruction of soldiers.

The Official Gazette of April 27th published a decree of the President approving of the establishment of an Atheneum in Guatemala City, first initiated by Prof. Don Valero Pujol. The object of the institution is stated in the following extract from the statutes:

The Atheneum of Guatemala is a society exclusively scientific, literary, and artistic.

* According to the old system, the nominal strength of the standing army was 3,200, and that of the militia 18,000,

+ See ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1876, p. 874, where will also be found school statistics.

The members propose to increase their knowledge by means of debates and lectures, and to extend it by means of education and printing.

In order to realize the objects of the institution the Atheneum shall publish, and cause to be published and circulated throughout the country, the writings best fitted for the diffusion of useful knowledge; shall publish a weekly paper wholly free from political questions; promote the establishment of free schools and public lectures, inviting for the same persons of acknowledged ability and capacity. The Atheneum shall have a library and a reading room in which will be found all of the periodicals published in Guatemala and the most prominent of those published abroad.

The Atheneum will consist of three sections, viz: 1. Moral and political science; 2. National and physical science and mathematics; 3. Literature and the fine arts. Each member shall belong to one of these at least.

The opening of five evening schools in the capital, for the benefit of the working and trade classes, was ordered in July. None not punctual or failing to make fair progress will be allowed to continue as members of the classes. In an official return, the value of the imports for the year 1876 was set down at $2,264,832, which, with $451,962, freight, insurance, commission, etc., makes a total of $2,716,794.

The countries most extensively represented in the imports, and the value of the merchandise received therefrom, were as follows:

The yield of the custom-house for the same year was $1,275,625.38.

In the month of January, 1877, several important laws were made for the encouragement of agricultural industry, and the assistance of them who have employed their capital in cultivating the land of the Republic. A contract was made between the Government and Messrs. Cleaves & Co. for the introduction of agricultural machinery, planting of corn on modern principles, raising of improved stock, and breeding of fish, etc., etc., coupled with the obligation of instructing a certain number of youths in the science of agriculture.

HAMPTON, WADE, Governor of South Carolina, was born at Columbia, in that State, in 1818. He graduated at the University of South Carolina, studied law, and was successively a member of the House and of the Senate in the State Legislature. At the beginning of the Civil War he entered the Confederate service, and commanded the Hampton Legion of Cavalry at the battle of Rull Run, where he was wounded. He was made brigadier-general, served in the Chickahominy campaign, and was again wounded in the battle of Seven Pines. He afterward com

On account of the scarcity of flour in Guatemala the importation of that article into the Republic was declared free of duty till the 31st of October 1877. The heavy tax imposed by the decree of 22d May last upon each head of cattle for consumption was reduced, and at the same time the Government arranged for the establishment of a new slaughter-house in the capital, and laid down instructions by which this business was to be regulated in the different departments.

The work on the railroad from San José de Guatemala to Escuintla was to begin in September, under the direction of Mr. Nanne, with whom were associated Captain A. T. Douglas and two or three of the leading capitalists of Costa Rica.

The Government, at the suggestion of Mr. Nanne, adopted the standard gauge of 4 feet 8 inches for the line.

The Government was negotiating for the establishing of a line of telegraph with Mexico, which would place Guatemala in telegraphic communication with the United States and Europe. The Government of Mexico has expressed itself favorable to the enterprise, and it was believed that by the end of the year the wires of the two republics would be connected. Mexico appeared for the present to have given up the question of boundaries with Guatemala.

On July 11th, the telegraph-line connecting Huehutenango with Nenton, immediately on the Mexican frontier, was opened to the public. This concludes the contract with Mr. S. McNider for the construction of telegraphlines in the State. The entire Republic is now united by telegraph. There are some 42 stations or offices and 1,073 miles of wire in

use.

An attempt was made to assassinate President Barrios on September 25, 1877, while he was visiting at San Pedro Jocopilas, near the Mexican frontier. Seventeen of the principal conspirators were executed at the capital in November.

The international affairs with Costa Rica, etc., were of an unimportant character throughout the year.

manded a cavalry force in the Army of Northern Virginia, and was again wounded at Gettysburg. In 1864 he was made lieutenantgeneral, and commanded a body of cavalry in Virginia. He was afterward sent to South Carolina, and in February, 1865, commanded the rear-guard of the Confederate army at Columbia. Large quantities of cotton had been stored here; and, upon the approach of the Union army, under General Sherman, this was piled in an open square, ready to be burned. Fire was set to it, which resulted in a conflagration, by which a great part of the

city was destroyed. A sharp discussion afterward arose between Hampton and Sherman, each charging the other with the willful destruction of Columbia. The fact appears to be that, as far as either was concerned, the conflagration was purely accidental.

In 1876, General Hampton was the Democratic candidate for Governor of South Carolina. The election was followed by a determined contest between Hampton and the Republican candidate, Governor D. H. Chamberlain, each claiming to have been lawfully elected to the office. Both exercised the functions of Governor until April 10, 1877, when, by order of President Hayes, the United States troops, which had been guarding the State House, occupied by Governor Chamberlain, were withdrawn. The latter official then ceased to assert his claim, and Hampton continued Governor without opposition. (See SOUTH CAROLINA in ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1876.)

Governor Hampton is the grandson of Wade Hampton, who was born in South Carolina in 1755, and died there in 1835. He was a member of Congress, and a major-general in the United States Army; and, at the time of his death, was supposed to be the most wealthy planter in the United States, being, as it was said, the owner of more than 3,000 slaves.

HARLAN, JOHN M., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, is about forty-two years old, and is the son of James Harlan, a distinguished Whig, who represented one of the Kentucky districts in Congress from 1836 to 1839, was Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1840 to 1844, and was AttorneyGeneral of the State from 1850 till 1863, when he died. In 1859 John M. Harlan ran for Congress, but was defeated by his Democratic opponent. At the breaking out of the war he entered the Union service, and for two years was Colonel of the 10th Kentucky Infantry. In 1863 he was elected Attorney-General of the State on the Union ticket. After the close of his term he engaged in the practice of the law in Louisville. In 1871, and again in 1875, he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Kentucky. General Harlan has acquired wide celebrity as an orator, and for many years has been known as one of the foremost lawyers of Kentucky. As a leader of the Republican party of the State, he infused life and vigor into the political canvass. He is gifted with great intellectual powers, and is noted for his physical strength and powers of endurance. In October, 1877, he was nominated by President Hayes to fill the vacancy on the Supreme Bench, which had been made by the resignation of Associate Justice David Davis; and having been confirmed by the Senate, he entered upon his duties early in December. HARPER, FLETCHER, the last of the four brothers who founded, in New York, the publishing-house of Harper & Brothers, died in New York, May 29, 1877. James, the eldest

of the four, died March 27, 1869; Joseph Wesley, February 14, 1870; and John, April 22, 1875. They were all born at Newtown, Long Island: James in 1795, John in 1797, Joseph Wesley in 1801, and Fletcher in 1805. The grandfather of these brothers came to this country, from England, about the middle of the last century. He was a schoolmaster, and settled on a farm at Newtown, Long Island. He afterward removed to New York, where, for many years, he kept a grocery-store. His eldest son, Joseph, was born in 1766, became a house-carpenter, cultivated a small farm, and kept a retail store. In 1792 he married Élizabeth Kolyer, the daughter of a Dutch farmer. Six children were the fruit of this marriage, of whom the four brothers above named grew to manhood, and two died in infancy. James and John were early apprenticed to the trade of printing, the former becoming an expert pressman and the latter an excellent compositor and proof-reader. In 1817 they went into business together on their own account, in New York, under the name of J. & J. Harper. Wesley, who had also learned the trade of printing, became a member of the firm in 1823, and Fletcher in 1825. The business was conducted under the name of J. & J. Harper until the latter part of 1833, when the style was changed to that of Harper & Brothers. According to the division of labor adopted by the brothers, John Harper made most of the purchases, and became the financial manager of the affairs of the firm. James Harper superintended the mechanical operations, and for years before his death daily visited all the departments. Wesley Harper, for a number of years, read the proofs of all important works, and conducted the correspondence of the firm. Fletcher Harper, after acting for some years as foreman of the composing-room, gradually assumed charge of the literary departments. The idea of Harper's Magazine originated with James Harper. Fletcher suggested both the Weekly and the Bazar. He took a special interest in all the periodicals, and exercised a careful and intelligent supervision over them, not only with respect to their typographical appearance and mechanical make-up, but also their literary and pictorial features. The firm is now composed of the descendants of the original founders.

HART, JOEL T., an American sculptor, died at Florence, Italy, March 1, 1877. He was born in Clark County, Ky., about 1810. His education was restricted to a quarter's schooling, but he read diligently all the books he could obtain. In 1830 he entered a stone-cutter's shop in Lexington, and soon began to model busts in clay, making good likenesses of many influential persons, among whom were General Jackson and Cassius M. Clay. The latter gave him his first commission for a bust in marble. The work was so satisfactory, that the artist was commissioned by the "Ladies' Clay Association" of Virginia to execute a

marble statue of Henry Clay, which now stands in the Capitol Square at Richmond. He went to Florence in 1849 to execute this order, but the work was delayed in consequence of the loss of his model by shipwreck, and by other circumstances, and it was not till 1859 that the statue was shipped to the United States. Mr. Hart afterward made the colossal bronze statue of Henry Clay, which now stands at the intersection of St. Charles and Canal Streets in New Orleans. He resided in Florence for many years, where he executed a number of busts of eminent men, and several ideal works. Among the latter are" Angelina," "Il Penseroso," and "Woman Triumphant." The model of a statue of "Venus," upon which he spent between 15 and 20 years, is probably left unfinished. A machine for "pointing" a bust in marble directly from the head of the living model, which Mr. Hart invented, was too mechanical to be regarded with favor by other sculp

tors.

66

HART, JOHN SEELY, an American author, was born at Stockbridge, Mass., January 28, 1810, and died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 26, 1877. His family removed to Pennsylvania, finally settling near Wilkesbarre. He graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1830, and, after teaching for a year at Natchez, Miss., he became, in 1832, tutor, and in 1834 Adjunct Professor of Ancient Languages, at Princeton, where, from 1836 to 1811, he had charge of the Edgehill School. From 1842 to 1859 he was Principal of the Philadelphia High School, and from 1863 to 1871 of the New Jersey State Normal School at Trenton. In 1872 he became Professor of Rhetoric and of the English Language at Princeton. He was the founder, and long the chief editor, of the Sunday-School Times, and in 1859 was editor of the periodicals published by the American Sunday-School Union. He also contributed largely to periodicals, and edited several journals and illustrated annuals. Besides some text-books and religious works, he published "Class-Book of Poetry" (1844); "Female Prose-Writers of America" (1851); "In the School-Room" (1868); "Manual of Composition and Rhetoric" (1870); "Manual of English Literature” (1872); “Manual of American Literature" (1873); "Short Course in Literature, English and American" (1874); "Mistakes of Educated Men," "Spenser and the Faerie Queen," " Exposition of the Constitution for Schools," and "Greek and Roman Mythology."

HAYTI. (See SANTO DOMINGO.)

HEIMANN, BASILI ALEXANDROVITCH, the victor of Ardahan, was born in 1823. He entered the army in 1842, and began to participate in active operations in 1845, since which time he has, almost without an interruption, been engaged against the native tribes of the Caucasus. In 1859 he was a lieutenant-colonel, took part as colonel in 1862 in the Caucasian expedition of Prince Albert of Prussia, and was advanced in 1872 to the rank of lieuten

ant-general, and received the command of the 20th Infantry Division.

HILLIARD, HENRY, who was nominated by President Hayes as minister to Brazil, was born in North Carolina in 1808. In 1829 he was admitted to the bar at Athens, Ga., where he practised about two years. He was a professor in the University of Alabama from 1831 to 1834, was elected to the Alabama Legislature in 1838, and in 1840, as a delegate to the National Whig Convention, earnestly advocated the nomination of Henry Clay. In the following year he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress. From 1842 to 1844, he was Chargé d'Affaires in Belgium, and in 1845 he was elected to Congress, where he served for three successive terms. He supported the compromise measures in 1850. His name was on the Fillmore electoral ticket in 1856, and the Bell and Everett ticket in 1860. He at first opposed secession, but afterward went with his State (Alabama), and was appointed a Commissioner to Tennessee. He was commissioned a brigadiergeneral in the provisional army of the Confederate States. About 1862 he began the practice of the law in Augusta, Ga. In 1868 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress. He took an active part in the presidential canvass of 1872, when he advocated the election of Greeley and Brown. In 1876 he ran for Congress as an Independent Democrat, but was defeated. Since the war, he has acted with the Democratic party.

HOBART PASHA, the Admiral of the Turkish fleet, was born April 1, 1822. He is the third son of the Earl of Buckingham, his real name being Augustus Charles Hobart. In 1836 he entered the British Navy, and, having distinguished himself in the Crimean War, rose to the rank of captain. The British Navy during peace did not satisfy his adventurous spirit, and when the Civil War broke out in the United States, he took command of a blockaderunner, being eminently successful in this position. At the close of the Civil War he returned to Europe, and in 1867, upon the outbreak of the insurrection in Crete, he offered his services to the Sultan, who immediately gave him the command of the fleet operating against Crete. He had, however, failed to obtain the permission of the British Admiralty for this step, and, in consequence of the remonstrances of the Greek Government, the Foreign Office requested the Admiralty to strike his name off the British Navy list. In 1874 he addressed a letter to Lord Derby, admitting that he had committed a breach of naval discipline by accepting service under the Turkish Government without leave, but adding: “During seven years that have elapsed since that time, I have endeavored to maintain the character of an Englishman for zeal, activity, and sagacity, and I have been fortunate enough to obtain a certain European reputation, of which I hope I may be justly proud. I prevented, by my conduct during a very critical period, at the