ody in the little chapel at our college in Princeton, when Mr. E. led the choir. The singing here, however, was accompanied by two or three instruments. I visited, also, an old and fine church of the establishment. Monday, July 7th.-Early this morning we took stage for Salisbury. The cathedral in this place is grand; the tower or steeple, is the highest in England, being about 400 feet, that of St. Paul's being only 340. The spire of St. Peter's, at Rome, is 437 feet. There are some very good monuments and finely painted windows, but after seeing York Minster, Westminster Abbey, and several other buildings of this nature, gothick architecture produces comparatively but little effect on the mind. I was here fined sixpence, for walking about eight feet into the building with my hat on, though I took it off before I saw any one, as soon as I conveniently could. I told the person he ought to have put up a printed notice, to prevent such occurrences. "Ah, then," said he, "we should never get any fines." This cathedral is esteemed by antiquaries, as one of the best specimens of the architecture of the age in which it was built. Every one must feel a degree of awe and solemnity, when passing under its lofty arches. There is a beauty, grandeur, and magnificence about old gothick churches, which, though frequent examination very much deadens, yet can never entirely efface. The spire, and a portion of the tower on which it stands, are in a different style of architecture from the rest of the building; it is therefore, probably, of a more recent date. You may form some idea of the vastness of the cathedral, from the following quaint lines, on the number of its pillars, windows, and doors As many days as in one year there be, year; We saw some other interesting reliques of ancient architecture in Salisbury, with which I was much gratified. We were sorry to find that the magnificent seat of the Earl of Pembroke, near this place, was inaccessible to strangers; we therefore took a post chaise to Bath, visiting the celebrated Stonehenge, and Salisbury plains, by the way. Just after leaving the town, we came in sight of Old Sarum, originally a fortress, built by that tribe of Britons called the Belge, as my guide book says. Not a vestige of the old town remains, though the ruins of a castle and its walls present a "very august appearance." Its ancient honours and privileges are not, however, altogether lost; for it has the power of sending two members to Parliament, who are elected by the proprietors of certain adjacent lands. Among my many pretensions, I never assumed the character of a politician; but this rotten borough system of representation in the national councils, when there is nothing to represent, I think very queer. Neither Manchester nor Birmingham, two of the largest cities in the kingdom, send a member; and Old Sarum, where neither man, woman, child, dog, nor cat, is to be found, is represented by two honourable gentlemen. Stonehenge, every one knows, is a most extraordinary work. It is visible at some distance, for there is nothing, neither stone nor tree, in the immediate vicinity of the place where it is located; though some hillocks, or barrows, with trees upon their tops, are not far distant. It has been remarked, that these vast and solitary ruins strike the lonely traveller "like those of Balbec and Palmyra, in the deserts of Asia." At a distance from the ruins I felt a good deal disappoint ed at their apparent insignificance, and began to regret that I had taken so much trouble to view them. But when I entered the building, its magnitude and grandeur were quite overpowering. An old shepherd, with a dog at his feet, was reclining on one of the fallen columns, and he kindly served us as a guide in our researches. At some distance from the temple, if such it was intended for, there are a number of pillars standing by themselves; these, together with the columnar masses which compose the main building, have all been rudely carved, by some cutting instrument, into four plain sides; many of the stones are more than 25 feet high, 6 feet broad, and proportionably thick; and it is calculated that some of them will weigh from thirty to forty tons. They are not all of the same material; some are sand stone; some seemed to me to be granite, and some a coarse kind of marble. Though Stonehenge is a good deal in ruins, there is enough remaining entire, to enable the observer to recover its original form. I will abridge for you one of the numerous accounts of this ruin from the guide book. The entrance into the area of the work faces the northeast, and is marked by a bank and ditch, called the Avenue. On this side, the first object that arrests the attention, is a large rude stone in a leaning position, which by some has been called The Friar's Heel. Its height is about sixteen feet, and its original purport is totally unknown, though conjecture has not been idle in ascribing various uses to it. On entering now this mysterious building, at first sight all is amazement and confusion; the eye is surprised, and the mind bewildered. The stones begin now, and not before, to assume their proper grandeur; and the interior of the Temple, hitherto blinded by an uniform exterior, displays a most singular variety and gigantick magnificence. This Temple consists of two circles and two ovals: the two latter constituting the Cell, or Sanctum. The outward circle, about three hundred feet in circumference, is composed of huge upright stones, bearing others over them, which form a kind of architrave. Though they evidently show the mark of tools, they are still irregular in their forms and sizes. The height of the stones on each side of the entrance, is a little more than thirteen feet; and the breadth of one, seven feet; and of the other, six feet four inches; the impost over them is about two feet eight inches deep. The space between the stones in this outward circle varies; that between the entrance stones is five feet, and rather wider than in the rest. This circle consisted originally of thirty stones, of which seventeen still remain standing. At the distance of eight feet three inches from the inside of this outward circle, we find another composed of smaller stones, rude and irregular in their shapes. The grandest part of the Temple is the Cell, or Sanctum; in forming which the general plan has been varied; this inner Temple represents twothirds of a large oval, and a concentric small oval, as in the outward Temple we find a large and a small circle. The large oval is formed by five pair of trilithons, or two large upright stones, with a third laid over them as an impost. The placing of the imposts is also varied, for they are not continued all round, as in the outward circle, but are divided into pairs, which gives a great lightness to the work, and breaks its uniformity; neither are they like those in the outward circle, parallel at top, butrise gradually in height from east to west. Such, indeed, is the general fascination imposed on all those who view Stonehenge, that no one can quit its precincts without feel ing strong sensations of surprise and admiration. The ignorant rustick will, with a vacant stare, attribute it to the giants, the antiquary is equally uninformed as to its origin, and the artist, on viewing these enormous masses, will wonder that art could thus rival nature, in magnificence and picturesque effect. Even the most indifferent passenger over the plain, must be attracted by the solitary and magnificent appearance of these ruins; and all with one accord will exclaim, How grand! How wonderful! How incomprehensible! I took a rude sketch of two of the most remarkable trilithons, as they are called, and the following figure will give you some idea of one of them: ப They are named trilithons because they are composed of three great stones each-two upright, and one horizontal at the top, called the impost-each upright pillar has a tennon, or knob, carved on the top, which fits into a mortice or socket in the impost, and thus the three are fastened together. As some of these trilithons have fallen down, this ball and socket joint can readily be examined -some of the imposts will weigh more than eleven tons. Our shepherd guide informed us that he witnessed the fall of one of these huge stones, which produced a jarring or concussion of the ground, that could be felt for more than half a mile. On examining the cavity left in the ground by this fallen column, and which indicated the depth to which it had been originally sunk, I was surprised to find it not more than three feet. The earliest writer who notices Stonehenge is Ninnius, who lived in 617. The prevailing opinion is, that this ruin was originally a Druidical Temple, but strong arguments are urged in favour of its being a monumental structure, something like the Egyptian pyramids; and still stronger reasons, in my opinion, lead many to believe that it was an Astronomical Observatory. With regard to the mounds or barrows, which may be seen rising above the surface of the extensive plain round Stonehenge, many of them have been carefully opened and examined. Their dimensions and depths were various, some being very shallow, whilst others were nearly fifteen feet deep. They generally produced one or more human skeletons; those of the earliest æra were frequently discovered to have been interred within a cist, with the legs drawn up towards the head. Besides these, there were found bones, loose on the floors of the barrows, burnt and unburnt, and sometimes in cists; numerous beads of amber, glass, stone, and horn; drinking cups of various sizes, made with very poor clay, intermixed with bits of chalk, with the exception of two or three, which were richly ornamented; rude urns, containing various kinds of burned bones; sepulchral urns, of which some were in a very perfect state; ivory pins and tweezers; brass daggers, spear heads, and pins; a remarkable cist, made of the trunk of an elm tree, the wood and bark appearing fresh and perfect; spear heads and arrows of flint; large pieces of stag's horns; curious whet-stones; and two knives, were both found in the same barrow.* Besides Stonehenge, many other relicks of Celtick or druidical superstition are yet to be seen on this island, such as cromlechs or altars, circles of memorial, and rocking stones. Some have imagined that our own country has been visited by the Druids that the aborigines of America were of Celtick origin, and that their rude monuments yet remain in our land. It cannot be doubted, that there are huge and shapeless masses of stone, under circumstances and in situations which can hardly be attributable to accident; and if placed there by human means, it must certainly have been done by a people greatly superior in power and civilization to the rude and disjointed tribes of Indians, who inhabited our country, when our fathers first arrived in it. In a learned essay on this subject, by my ingenious friend, John Finch, Esq., he brings forward a rocking stone, which I described some years ago, as one instance among many others of the Celtic origin of our Indians. His words are as follows: "Rocking Stones are memorials raised by the same people, and the same race of men, who elevated the cromlechs; they consist of an enormous stone so equally poised upon its base, that a very small force is sufficient to move it; sometimes even the touch of a finger will cause it to vibrate. "There are several of these me On erecting a wind-mill, distant about four miles south-west of Stonehenge, the interment of a skeleton was discovered, together with several brass articles, a drinking cup, and the blade of an iron knife. This interment appears of a later æra, when the custom of gathering up the legs had ceased, and when the use of iron was more generally adopted, for in the early tumuli none of that metal has ever been found. The same observations may be applied to the barrow at Stonehenge, which contained the two knives. VOL. VIII-Ch. Adv. morials of a former race, in the United States of America, but of the origin of the whole of them we cannot be certain, until an accurate account is published of their size, appearance, and situation, and it would be desirable if they were il lustrated by correct drawings. In the State of New York there are probably three or more. Professor G. has described one in the American Journal of Science, vol. 5, page 252. It is situated near the top of a high hill, near the village of Peekskill, in Putnam county; the moveable stone is thirty-one feet in circumference; the rock is of granite, but the mica contained in it being schistose, gives it some resemblance to gneiss, and it is supported by a base of the same material. This rocking stone can be moved by the hand, although six men with iron bars were unable to throw it off its pedestal. From the drawing which accompanies the description, this rock presents every appearance of an artificial monument, and may perhaps with safety be classed amongst the Celtick antiquities of North America." Salisbury plains, which spread beyond Stonehenge in every direction, are vast indeed-the shepherds with their dogs, and the great flocks of sheep, which are to be seen all over them, not only reminded me of the manners of the east, but also gave a "local habitation" to Hannah More's fine story, the incidents of which were derived from the scenes around me. We passed a small town called Amesbury, near which is Amesbury House, the seat of Lord Douglass here the Duke and Duchess of Queensbury, who patronised Gay, lived and died; and on this spot a famous nunnery was founded by Elfrida, in 980, to atone for one of her murders. Deptford Inn, where we next stopped, is located on a beautiful hill, above the town-the gardens back of the house pleased us much. We next passed the R' ugly town of Warminster. Some miles from Warminster, and on a high hill near the road, is Medford Castle, which is a very picturesque and interesting object. A few miles more brought us to Bath. I could not help remarking, that during our ride to day we had seen fewer human beings, than I had ever seen in the same distance before, even when journeying beyond our Alleghany mountains. In some of the hay fields we noticed, for the first time, a number of women working with the pitchfork and rake, and otherwise employed in the labour which is peculiar to the men in the United States, where we are said to be so coarse and un refined. (To be continued.) THE SUM OF RELIGION. By the Lord Chief Justice Hale. He that fears the Lord of heaven and earth, and walks humbly before him, and thankfully lays hold of the message of redemption by Jesus Christ, and strives to express his thankfulness by the sincerity of his obedience, that is sorry with all his soul when he comes short of his duty, that walks watchfully in the denial of himself, and does not yield to any lust or known sin,-he that, if he fails in the least measure, is restless till he has made his peace by true repentance, that is true in his promises, just in his dealings, charitable to the poor, sincere in his devotion, that will not deliberate ly dishonour God, although with perfect security from temporal punishment, that has his hopes and his conversation in heaven,—that dares not do any thing unjustly, although never so much to his advantage; and all this because he firmly believes Him that is invisible, and fears him because he loves him, -fears him as well for his goodness as for his greatness,-Such a man, whether he be an Episcopa lian or a Presbyterian, an Independent or Anabaptist; whether he wears a surplice or wears none; whether he kneels at the communion, or for conscience' sake stands or sits, he hath the life of religion in him; and that life acts in him, and will conform his soul to the image of his Saviour, and go along with him to eternity, notwithstanding his practice or nonpractice of things indifferent. On the other side, if a man fears not the eternal God, commits sin with presumption, can drink to excess, lie, swear vainly or falsely, loosely break his promises, such a man, although he cry down Bishops, or cry down Presbytery; although he be rebaptized every day, or declaim against it as heresy; although he fast all the Lent, or not fast, out of pretence of avoiding superstition,-yet, notwithstanding these, and a thousand more external conformities or zealous oppositions of them, he wants the life of religion. ON INTEMPERANCE. In the course of the last summer and autumn, we inserted in our Miscellany, a series of essays on intemperance. The following was intended to close that series, and was handed to the editor for that purpose. It was mislaid (for which we beg the respected author to accept our apology,) and not found till a few days since. But as the subject is highly interesting, and this essay not so connected with the preceding as to lose any of its effect by being published separately, we are glad to place it on our pages. FOR THE CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE. Our remarks on the evils and correctives of intemperance have been extended, perhaps to the satiety of the reader, and certainly beyond the original design of the writer. |