1632.

Chalmers says, the signal event of the capture of Quebec was unknown, when peace was reestablished in April, 1629; and assigns this as the reason why king Charles, at that treaty, absolutely restored to France those territories generally and without limits; and particularly Port Royal, Quebec, and Cape Breton. From the restitution of these territories to France, may be dated the commencement of a long train of ills to the colonies and to England. To this transaction, in the judgment of the last named historian, may be fairly traced back the colonial disputes of later times, and the American revolution. Soon after this restitution, the French king granted to De Razilly the lands around the bay Razilly. and river of St. Croix.2

Grant to

The patent, designed for George Calvert, lord Baltimore, was, June 20. on his decease, filled up to his son Cecilius Calvert, lord Balti- Patent of Maryland. more. When king Charles signed the patent, he gave to the new province the name of MARYLAND, in honour of his queen Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry the great, king of France. Lord Baltimore held it of the crown of England, paying yearly forever two Indian arrows. This province was originally included in the patent of the South Virginia company; but, on the dissolution of that company, and of the charters of Virginia, the king made this grant.3

Order in

The king of England, "informed of great distraction and dis- Jan. 19. order in the plantations in New England," referred the subject to favour of N. England,

1 Chalmers, b. 1. 93. Anderson, A. D. 1632. Brit. Domin. in America, b. 14. Hazard, i. 319. Memoires de l'Amerique, ii. 5-10, where the Treaty of St. Germain is inserted. Denys, 254-267. D'Avrigny, Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire Universelle de l'Europe.

2 Chalmers, b. 1. 112, 186. The grant [Concession] to Razilly is in Memoires de l'Amerique, ii. 491, 492, in French, dated "du 19 mai 1632." Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. 178.] erroneously places it in 1633. Hutchinson says, it gave 12 leagues on the sea, and 20 leagues into the land; but he mistakes in saying, that the grant was made to La Tour, who, it appears, held a command under Razilly. "Les principaux chefs de ces pays etoient alors [1632] le Commandeur de Razilly, & sous loui les sieurs de Charnisay & de la Tour. Ces derniers, à la mort du Commandeur de Razilly, parlagèrent le commandement; le sieur de la Tour eut le gouvernement de l'Acadie, & le sieur de Charnisay celui de la côte des Etchemins." Mem. de l'Amerique, vol. i. Mem. des Commiss. du Roi sur les limites de l'Acadie, Art. 111. from "Depôt de la marine." De la Tour was recalled in 1641. An order was sent by the king of France to sieur d'Aulnay Charnisay " arreter & repasser en France le sieur de la Tour." Ib. ii. 496.

3 Univ. Hist. xl. 466. Bozman, Maryland, 258, 264. Hazard, i. 327—336, where the charter is inserted. The patentee is styled, "Baro de Baltimore Filius et Hæres GEORGII CALVERT Militis, nuper Baronis de Baltimore... Patris inherens vestigiis, laudabili quodam et pio Christianam Religionem pariter et imperii nostri territoria dilatandi studio flagrans." The name of the province is given in these words: ..." dictam Regionem in Provinciam erigimus et incorporamus eamque TERRAM MARIÆ, Anglicè MARYLAND nominamus et sic in futuro nominari volumus." The condition is: "reddendo inde nobis Hæredibus et Successoribus nostris duas Sagittas Indicas Partium illarum. ... singulis annis tradendas &c. Ac etiam quintam partem omnis Metalli Aurei et Argentei Anglicè of Gold and Silver Ore" &c.

1632. the consideration of his privy council. The council, after examination, passed a resolution, that the appearances were so fair, and hopes so great, that the country would prove beneficial to the kingdom, and profitable to the settlers, as that the adventurers "had cause to go on cheerfully with their undertakings;" with an assurance that, if things were conducted according to the design of the patent, his majesty would not only maintain the liberties and privileges heretofore granted, but supply any thing farther which might tend to the good government, prosperity, and comfort of his people in those plantations.1

Feb. 3.

Tax for fortifying Newtown;

which now becomes settled.

The court of assistants in Massachusetts ordered, that £60 be levied out of the several plantations, toward making a palisade about Newtown [Cambridge].2 The first considerable accession of inhabitants to that town was made this year by a company which had recently arrived from England, and had begun to settle at Mount Wollaston; but which in August, by order of court, removed to Newtown.3 Here they built a church, this year. In some of the early years, the annual election of the governor and magistrates of the colony was holden in this town. On the day of election, the people assembled under an oak tree,

1 Hutchinson, Mass. i. 31, 32, and Coll. 52–54; Hazard, Coll. i. 324, 325; Morton, 1632, where is the order of council. The information of the king was derived from a Petition of Sir Christopher Gardiner, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, capt. Mason, and others, exhibited against the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts. "The conclusion," says governor Winthrop, "was, against all men's expectation, an order for our incouragement, and much blame and disgrace upon the adversaries." Gardiner was a high papist, who came to New England; but for some miscarriages left the country.

2 Prince, 389, 390, from MS. Colony Records. Winthrop, i. 85. History of Cambridge, in Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. vii. 9. The proportion was as follows:

66

The reason for renewing the design of a fortified town is not assigned. It was probably on account of new dangers. Hutchinson says: They were frequently alarmed this year by the Indians." A palisade was made at Newtown. The deputy governor, Dudley, who lived here, "empaled above a thousand acres. The remains of a fosse are visible here to this day.

3 Winthrop, 87. Hist. Cambridge, 10. Gov. Winthrop calls it "the Braintree company." It is highly probable, that this company came from Braintree in Essex county (England) and its vicinity. Chelmsford, where Mr. Hooker was minister, is but 11 miles from Braintree, and Mr. Hooker "was so esteemed as a preacher, that not only his own people, but others from all parts of the county of Essex flocked to hear him." Of the same company governor Winthrop says, "These were Mr. Hooker's company." The names of this company, constituting the first settlers of the town of Cambridge, are preserved in the Records of the Proprietors, from which they were copied into the History of Cambridge. Among them are the names of Šimon Bradstreet, Thomas Dudley, and John Haynes-names eminently conspicuous in the early history of New England. In the first plan of the town, the street which passes in front of the first church by the ministry house, toward Boston, was called Braintree street.

which long remained a monument of the freedom, the patriotism, 1632. and piety, of the fathers of New England.1

The choice of magistrates in the colony of Massachusetts was, Freemen for the first time, made by the freemen, whose number was now choose magistrates. increased by the addition of about 53.2

Fortifica

A fortification on the Corn hill, in Boston, was begun; and May 24. men from Charlestown, Roxbury, and Dorchester, worked on it tion in Bosin rotation.3

ton.

Conant's Island, in Boston harbour, demised to governor Win- Governor's throp, was called Governor's Garden; but afterwards, Governor's Island. Island, by which name it is still known.1

First church built at

The first church at Boston was begun to be built by the con- August. gregation of Boston and Charlestown. The greater part of the members of the church having early removed from Charlestown Boston. to Boston, and the entire number of members being now 151, they amicably divided themselves into two distinct churches. Oct. 14. The church in Boston retained Mr. Wilson for its pastor; the formed. church in Charlestown invited Mr. Thomas James to its pastoral care.5

1 Prince, 412. Hist. Cambridge, 10, 11. The church stood about 30 rods south of the place where the first church in Cambridge now stands. It had a bell, which is the first mentioned by our early historians. "This year is built the first house for public worship at Newtown with a bell upon it." Prince, MS. Letter.

2 Johnson, Hist. New England, c. 26.

3 Winthrop, 77. Prince [395.] supposes this to be what is now called Fort Hill. Mass. Hist. Soc. iii. 245.

4 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. iii. 299. In 1682, the island was owned by Adam Winthrop, who, that year, presented a petition to the General Court, that the "annual acknowledgment or rent of two bushels of apples to the General Court" might be "remitted, or a sum equivalent accepted and the sayd Island fully discharged from the incumbrance." The petition was granted, on condition of the payment of "five pounds money, forthwith." Adam Winthrop, Esq. was "one of the council at Boston." He was born 7 April 1620. In 1700, Adam, his son, conveyed the island to his son-in-law and daughter, to be transmitted to their descendants. The Indenture, handsomely written on parchment, is now before me. It covenants and grants the island to John Wainwright and to Ann his wife during the term of their natural lives, and afterward "to the use and behoof of the heires of their two bodys, begotten or to be begotten, forever." The island was next owned by their son, John Winthrop, Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Harvard College; and next, by his sons, James and William of Cambridge, lately deceased. James purchased of William his share, and, a few years since, sold to the United States about five acres, in two parcels, at the east and west end of the island, with a passage way from the one to the other, for the purpose of fortifications. On the west end has been erected Fort Warren, which defends the entrance of the harbour; and a small fortification on the east end. The island was estimated at 75 acres, and the commissioners between the United States and Judge Winthrop appraised the whole at $45,000. Judge Winthrop died in 1821, Æt. 69; William Winthrop Esq. in 1825, Æt. 72. Since the last date, the descendants of the late John Winthrop Esq. are the heirs. MSS. of the Winthrop family, and minutes of Abraham Hilliard Esq. one of the executors of the Will of William Winthrop.

5 Winthrop, 87, 96. Johnson, c. 26. Hubbard, c. 25. Prince, 404, 405, 409. Emerson, Hist. of First Church, 16, 17. The "meeting house " now built at

2 churches

1632.

Use of to

bacco restrained.

Penalty for refusing public offi

ces.

Montserrat.

Antigua.

The court of assistants ordered that there be a house of correction, and a house for the beadle, built at Boston with speed. It also ordered, that no person should take any tobacco publicly; and that every one should pay a penny for every time of taking tobacco in any place.1

In this early period of colonial history, the duties and the expenses of office were more formidable, than its honours were alluring. The general court of Plymouth colony passed an act, that whoever should refuse the office of governor should pay £20 sterling, unless he were chosen two years successively; and that whoever should refuse the office of counsellor or magistrate should pay £10.2

Sir Thomas Warner, governor of St. Christopher's, sent a small colony of English people to inhabit Montserrat.3 A few English families took up lands in Antigua, and began the cultivation of tobacco.4

The grant of Mary

land gives

offence to Virginia.

66

1633.

THE grant to lord Baltimore gave umbrage to the planters of Virginia. They therefore presented a petition to Charles I, remonstrating against some grants of a great portion of lands of that colony, so near their habitations, as will give a general disheartening to them, if they be divided into several governments, and a bar to their long accustomed trade." The privy council, to which the king referred the petition, having heard what was alleged on each side, thought fit to leave lord Baltimore to his patent, and the complainants to the course of law; but gave orders for such an intercourse and conduct, as should prevent a war with the natives, and farther disagreement among themselves. William Clayborne continued to claim Kent Island, and refused submission to the jurisdiction of Maryland, because the govern

Boston had mud walls and a thatched roof; and stood on the south side of State street, a little below the place where the old State house now stands. Mass. Hist. Soc. iv. 189.-The number of members who asked a dismission from the church at Boston, in order to form a new church at Charlestown, was 33. They were dismissed 14 October; and embodied into a distinct congregational church 2 November, at which time Mr. James, who had recently arrived from England, was ordained their pastor. Mr. Wilson, who had been previously their teacher, was chosen and ordained pastor at Boston 22 November.

1 Prince, 404.

2 Prince, 411. Such an example cannot perhaps be found in the annals of any other nation. The law alone proves, that no demagogues then aspired at the chief magistracy. An historical fact confirms the remark. Edward Winslow was the next year (1633) chosen governor, Mr. Bradford having been governor about ten years, and now by importunity gat off" Winthrop, Hist. 98. 3 Univ. Hist. xli. 318. Alcedo says, "they were Irish; and that the common language of its present inhabitants is Irish, even amongst the Negroes." 4 Alcedo (Tr.), Art. ANTIGUA.

ment of Virginia, knowing no reason why the rights of that place 1633. should be surrendered, gave countenance to his opposition. This transaction offers the first example, in colonial history, of the dismemberment of an ancient colony, by the formation of a new province with separate and equal rights.1

alarmed by

The French, in taking possession of Acadie pursuant to the Jan. 17. treaty of St. Germain, had rifled the trading house, belonging to N. England Plymouth, at Penobscot.2 Additional calamities were now ex- the French. pected. Intelligence was brought to the governor of Massachusetts, that the French had bought the Scotch plantation near Cape Sable; that the fort there with all the ammunition was delivered up to them; that the cardinal of France had sent over some companies already; and that preparation was made to send more the next year, with a number of priests and Jesuits. Alarmed at this intelligence, the governor called the assistants, and principal men in the colony, to Boston, to advise proper measures. It was agreed to finish, with all expedition, the fort begun at Boston; to erect another at Nantasket; and to hasten the planting of Agawam-" the best place in the land for tillage and cattle" lest an enemy should prevent them by taking possession of it. John Winthrop, a son of the governor, repaired, by order of the government, to Agawam, with 12 men, and began a plantation. The alarm, however, was groundless. The French, aiming at trade merely, did not molest the English plantations; yet their spoliation of the Plymouth trading house gave just occasion for suspicion and vigilance.3

sachusetts

The legislature of Massachusetts passed an act for settling the Laws pass Indians' title to lands in this jurisdiction. It prohibited the pur- ed in Maschase of lands from the Indians, without license from the General in behalf of Court. It declared and ordered, that what lands any of the the Indians; Indians in this jurisdiction have possessed and improved, by subduing the same, they have a just right to: And, for the

1 Hazard, i. 337; Bozman's Maryland, 344, 345 & Note S. The order of council is in Chalmers, b. 1. 209. Beverly, Virg. 47, 48. Burk, Virg. ii. 39. Chalmers seems to doubt the right of the grant for two separate governments, and Beverly pronounces the separation injurious to both; Bozman agrees with Burk, that the grant was legal, and the effect salutary.

2 Winthrop, 79, who enters it in his Journal 14 June, 1632. Prince, 396, 397. Chalmers, b. 1. 154. Hutchinson, Mass. i. 121, 122. The Plymouth people had set up a trading house on the Kennebeck in 1628; whether they had set up another, at Penobscot, or whether these neighbouring places were sometimes called by the same name, does not appear. Hutchinson says, "the people of New Plymouth had set up a trading house at Penobscot about the year 1627;" but secretary Morton, of Plymouth, does not mention it in that year. Penobscot and all the country westward and southward were, at that time, in the possession of the English. The French, in 1632, carried from the Plymouth trading house "300 weight of beaver, and other goods. They took also one Dixy Bull and his shallop and goods." Winthrop.

3 Winthrop, 99. Hubbard, c. 27. The men called in with the assistants for counsel were "the ministers, and captains, and some other chief men.'