a few of their neighbours, and declaring their mutual assent, shall 1669. be declared husband and wife.1

Carolina.

The proprietaries of Carolina, dissatisfied with every previous Fundamensystem of government framed for their province, signed a body tal Constiof Fundamental Constitutions. The reason which they assigned tutions of for the change, was, "that the government of this province may be made most agreeable to the monarchy under which we live, and of which this province is a part, and that we may avoid erecting a numerous democracy.' These Constitutions were compiled by the celebrated John Locke. The first article provided, that the eldest of the lords proprietors shall be palatine; and, upon the decease of the palatine, the eldest of the seven surviving proprietors shall always succeed him. The palatine was empowered to act as president of the palatine court, composed of the whole. A body of hereditary nobility was erected, and denominated landgraves and caciques, because they were to be in name unlike those of England. The provincial legislature, dignified with the name of parliament, was to be biennial, and to consist of the proprietaries, or of the deputy of each; of the nobility; of the representatives of the freeholders of every district; and, like the ancient Scottish parliament, all were to meet in one apartment, and every member to enjoy an equal vote; no business, however, was to be proposed until it had been debated in the grand council, to be composed of the governor, the nobility, and deputies of proprietors. The church of England alone was to be allowed a maintenance by parliament; but every congregation might tax its own members for the support of its own ministers; and to every one was allowed perfect freedom in religion. One article provided, that every freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his negro slaves, of what opinion or religion soever." This government was intended to be a miniature of the Old Saxon constitution.2

1 Chalmers, b. 1. 724, 725. The constitution was given in 1667.—“ During almost 20 years we can trace nothing of clergymen in the history or laws of Carolina."

2 Hewatt, i. 48-52; Ramsay, Hist. S. Carolina, i. c. 2. and Revol. S. Car. i. 3. Chalmers, b. 1. 526-529, 555, from Carolina Entries. Chalmers says, "there is a printed copy of the constitutions among the papers of Carolina.” A copy is subjoined to the works of the author; and a copy is inserted in Hewatt, i. 321-346. Univ. Hist. xl. 423. Bibliotheca Americana [99.] mentions Fundamental Constitutions, printed at London, 4to. 1669. These Constitutions, consisting of 120 articles, though declared to be the sacred and unalterable rule of government in Carolina forever, were instantly discovered to be wholly inapplicable to the circumstances of an inconsiderable colony, and, in a variety of cases, to be altogether impracticable, and were therefore immediately changed. Mr. Locke was not long after, in reward of his services, created a landgrave; but, were it not for the writings, by which his name is immortalized, he, like the other Carolinian nobles, had been consigned to oblivion. The last article mentioned in the text [cx.], we should not have expected from the same pen which wrote the celebrated "Treatises of Government." It stands, in the

1669.

church in

The inhabitants of Boston being now so numerous, that the two houses of worship could not contain them, and some of the Old South brethren of the first church being dissatisfied with Mr. Davenport on account of his leaving New Haven for a settlement there; a third church was gathered in May, of which Mr. Thomas Thacher was, not long after, inducted the first pastor, and an edifice was built on the main street, for its use.1

Boston gathered.

Expedition of the N. E.

Indians

against the Mohawks.

The friendly Indians in New England, having raised an army of 600 or 700 men, marched into the country of the Mohawks, to take revenge for their injuries. After besieging one of their forts several days, their provisions becoming spent, with nearly all their ammunition, and some of their number being taken sick, they abandoned the siege, and retreated toward home, but they were pursued and intercepted by the Mohawks; and, though they fought with great valour, their commander and about 50 of their chief men were slain. This was the last and most fatal battle, fought between the Mohawks and the New England Indians.2

Constitutions, next after the article securing religious freedom; and this incongruity led Chalmers to observe: "Yet the most degrading slavery was introduced by investing in every freeman the property of his negro."-The_xcvth article required a condition for the right of habitancy: "No man shall be permitted to be a freeman of Carolina, or to have any estate of habitation within it, that doth not acknowledge a GOD; and that God is publicly and solemnly to be worshipped; "the xcvith agreed with the English laws in establishing the Church of England. It was this: "As the country comes to be sufficiently planted and distributed into fit divisions, it shall belong to the parliament to take care for the building of churches, to be employed in the exercise of religion according to the church of England; which being the only true and orthodox, and the national religion of all the king's dominions, is so also of CAROLINA; and therefore it alone shall be allowed to receive public maintenance, by grant of parliament."-" This article," Hewatt notes, "was not drawn up by Mr. Locke; but inserted by some of the chief of the proprietors, against his judgment; as Mr Locke himself informed some of his friends, to whom he presented a copy of these Constitutions."

1 Neal, N. Eng. i. 384. Hutchinson, i. 260, 270-274. Emerson, Hist. First Church, sect. 6, 7. Mass. Hist. Soc. iii. 258; iv. 211. On the death of Mr. Wilson, Rev. John Davenport, of New Haven, was invited to the pastoral care of the first church in Boston, and accepted the invitation. He was then 70 years old; and, on account of his advanced age, it was thought expedient to unite Rev. James Allen with him in the care of the church. Mr. Allen had been ejected by the Bartholomew act from his living in England, and, for some years, had been a member of the first church in Boston. Both these ministers were installed together, as co-pastors of the church, on the 9th of December, 1668.The house for the third church was built of cedar; but it was afterward rebuilt with brick, and is now standing. It has long been called "The Old South."

2 Gookin, Hist. Coll. of Indians, in Mass. Hist. Soc. i. 166-169. There had been a war between these Indians about six years. This enterprise of the New England Indians was contrived without the knowledge, and undertaken contrary to the advice, of their English friends. Mr. Eliot and myself, in particular (says Mr. Gookin), dissuaded them, and gave them several reasons against it, but they would not hear us; but the praying Indians were so cautioned by our advice, that not above five of them went; and all of them were killed, but one."-The commander of the friendly Indians was Josiah, alias Chickatabot, the principal sachem of the Massachusetts. Gookin says, he was a wise

The assembly of Virginia passed an act for encouragement to 1669. make silk.1

livered up

Sir Thomas Temple having but partially executed the king's Acadie deorder for the surrender of Acadie to the French, agreeably to to the the treaty of Breda, a definitive order had been transmitted to French. him, to deliver up that territory, according to the letter of the agreement; and it was now effectually obeyed.2

Bay com

Charles II. gave to prince Rupert, and several lords, knights, May 2. and merchants, associated with him, a charter, under the title of Hudson's "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England, pany. trading into Hudson's Bay."3

Richard Mather, minister of Dorchester, died, at the age of Death of R 73 years.1

and stout man of middle age, but a very vicious person. He was a descendant of Chickatabot of Neponset. [See A. D. 1631.] For a time he seemed attentive to the Christian religion; "for he was bred up by his uncle, Kuchamakin, who was the first sachem and his people to whom Mr. Eliot preached." The late president Adams showed me a deed of Braintree, given by Indian Josiah to the inhabitants of that town between the years 1660 and 1670.-It does not appear, what other tribes, besi le the Massachusetts, were concerned in this expedition. Gookin says, Josiah was "the chiefest general; but there were divers other sagamores and stout men that assisted." The march of the Indian army was about 200 miles. The Mohawks laid an ambush for the retreating enemy in a defile, with thick swamps on each side, and fought to the greatest advantage. The reason of the loss of such a number of chiefs was, that almost all the stoutest leaders and sagamores pursued the Mohawks into the thickets.

1 Laws of Virginia.

2 Chalmers, b. 1. 393. Brit. Emp. i. 173, 174. He at first refused to give up the forts of Pentagoet, St. John, Port Royal, La Have, and Cape Sable, alleging that they did not belong to Acadie.

3 Dobson, Hudson's Bay, 171–187; British Empire in America, i. 4—22; where the charter is entire. Univ. Hist. xli. 87. The charter ceded to the company the whole trade of the waters within the entrance of Hudson's Straits, and of the adjacent territories. The entire sum, which constitutes the original funds of the company, amounts te £10,500 sterling. The general opinion in Forster's time was, that the proprietors of this stock, who were then not 90 in number, gained about 2000 per cent. No trade in the world is so profitable as this. Forster, Voy. 378-380. See A. D. 1667.

4 Mather, Magnal. b. 3. 122-130. Hubbard, c. 70. Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. i. 99; ix. 170-172. Stiles, Lit. Diary. Hutchinson, i. 259. Mr. Mather was ordained by Dr. Morton, bishop of Chester, in 1618; and silenced by Dr. Neale, archbishop of York, in 1634. He came to New England in 1635, and arrived on the coast 15 August, when he, with all the passengers, very narrowly escaped shipwreck by the tremendous storm, which occurred that day. [See A. D. 1635] After the removal of Mr. Warham, with the first church of Dorchester, to Windsor, a new church was gathered, and Mr Mather was installed the pastor. He was an exemplary man, a good scholar, and a solid, practical preacher. He wrote several treatises, which were well received; and he was generally consulted in difficulties relating to church government. He wrote the Discourse about the Church Covenant, and the Answer to the xxxII questions concerning Church Government, in behalf of the ministers of New England, both published in 1639; and the Platform of Church Discipline, in 1648, was chiefly taken from his model. Attending a council at Boston 16 April, he was seized with the strangury, and died on the 22d of that month, "after he had been 50 years a minister in the church of God."

Mather.

A colony

1670.

THE proprietaries of Carolina having procured two ships for transported the transportation of adventurers to their projected settlement, to Carolina. William Sayle, appointed the first governor, embarked with a

Settlement between

ers.

colony of settlers, with provisions, arms, and utensils for building and cultivation. On his arrival at Port Royal, he began to carry his instructions into execution. He issued writs to the freeholders for the election of the complement of the grand council, and of 20 delegates, the two bodies composing the parliament, which was invested with legislative power. As an encouragement to settle at Port Royal, 150 acres of land were given to every emigrant, at an easy quit rent; clothes and provisions were distributed, from the store of the proprietaries, to those who could not provide for themselves; and, to secure the good will of the neighbouring tribes, considerable presents were made to the Indian princes.2

Dissatisfied with the situation at Port Royal, governor Sayle removed to the northward, and took possession of a neck of land, Ashley and between Ashley and Cooper rivers. Deputies, authorized to Cooper riv assist the governor, soon after arrived, bringing with them 23 articles of instruction, called Temporary Agrarian Laws, intended for the equitable division of lands among the people; and the plan of a magnificent town, to be laid out on the neck of land between the above named rivers, and to be called, in honour of the king, Charlestown.3

Destruction of the nativesfavour

able to the English set

tlement.

A bloody war between the Westoes and the Serrannas, two Indian nations in Carolina, was carried on with such fury, as to prove fatal to both. This event providentially opened the way to the introduction and establishment of the English colony.*

1 Gov. Sayle's commission is dated 26 July 1669. He was constituted governor of that part of the coast, lying southwestward of Cape Carteret The expense of the equipment was £12,000 sterling. Sayle was accompanied by Joseph West, who was intrusted with the commercial affairs of the proprietaries. "These noblemen for some time were the only merchants in order to supply the wants of the colonists, rather than to acquire profit. And they employed vessels, to carry on a circuitous traffic, for the purpose of procuring colonists, cattle, and provisions, from Virginia, Bermudas, and Barbadoes; of carrying off the inconsiderable products of the land. Before the year 1679 they had expended £18,000 on a project which had then only yielded them vexation and poverty." Chalmers, b. 1. 529., Drayton, S. Carolina, 101.

2 Chalmers, b. 1. 530. Drayton, S. Carolina, 101.

3 Hewatt, i. 49-52. Ramsay, Revol. S. Car. i. 3. Dalcho, Hist. Prot. Epis. Church in S. Car. The removal is placed in this year on the authority of Mr. Dalcho, who says, it is ascertained by a codicil to col. Sayle's Will, made in Charlestown 30 Sept. 1670. The name by which the town was " to be called," might be now assumed. See next year.

4 Hewatt, i. 64. The Westoes are said to have been a numerous and powerful tribe. Ib. The Catawba nation mustered, at that time, 1500 fighting men. Drayton, 92, 94; who "hazards an opinion," that the number of the natives in Carolina, at the same time, was "perhaps not less than 30 or 40 thousand souls."

Madrid.

The court of Spain thinking the 8th article of the treaty with 1670. England was too general, the Spanish ministry applied to the English court for a more clear and explanatory treaty relating to Treaty of America. The proposal was assented to by king Charles, upon the king of Spain's agreeing to recognize his right to all the American dominions he was possessed of at this time; and a treaty was concluded at Madrid between England and Spain for ascertaining the American territories of both kingdoms. By this treaty, the pirates and bucaniers, who for several years had greatly annoyed Spanish America, were cut off from all future protection from England in any hostile attempts upon the Spanish dominions, and all commissions to them were called in and annulled.1

for election

The assembly of Virginia passed an act for the election of Virginia act burgesses, designating by whom they should be elected. It or- of burgessdained, that none but freeholders and housekeepers, who only es. are answerable to the public for the levies, shall hereafter have a voice in the election of any burgess in this country; and that the election be at the courthouse.2

The election of governor, magistrates, and civil officers, in Mode of Connecticut, hitherto consummated by the body of the people, Connecticut convened on the day of general election at Hartford, was now altered. allowed by the legislature to be completed by proxy of the freemen in the general assembly; and a law was made for regulating the freemen's meetings, and the mode of election.3

Canadian

A mortal disease broke out among the Indians in the north of Disease aCanada, and swept off whole tribes, particularly the tribe of the mong the Attikamegues, who have never since been heard of under that Indians. name. Tadoussac, the chief mart of the Indian fur trade with the French, began to be deserted, as also Trois Rivieres, where the small pox carried off 1500 Indians at once.4

A considerable number of the inhabitants of New Haven re- Wallingmoved to Wallingford, about this time, and began the settlement ford settled.

1 Anderson, Hist. Commerce, A. D. 1670. See A. D. 1667. Chalmers, b. 1. 11. Univ. Hist. xli. 358. Hume, Hist. England, c. 71. This was called the American Treaty. From this time until A. D. 1702, a considerable trade was carried on by the English from Jamaica with the Spaniards; by which the English, for goods, negroes, and flour, received, by computation, from 250 to £300,000 a year. Polit. Tracts, in Harv. Coll. Library.

2 Laws of Virginia. The usual way of choosing burgesses before was "by the votes of all persons, who, having served their time, are freemen of this country, who, having little interest in the country, do oftener make tumults at the elections, to the great disturbance of his majesty's peace, than by their discretions in their votes, provide for the conservation thereof, by making choice of persons fitly qualified for the discharge of so great a trust." Preamble to the Act.

3 Trumbull, i. 318. The original choice of public officers was made then, as it is still, by the freemen of the colony in their respective towns. See Connecticut Laws, p. 112.

4 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 428. Univ. Hist. xl. 5.