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BARTON V. PIONEER SAVINGS AND LOAN COMPANY.

[69 MINNESOTA, 8).]

BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS-FORFEITURE OF SHARES-ESTOPPEL.-Members holding shares in a mutual building association who default in the payment of their monthly installments of dues are presumed to assent to the unauthorized act of the directors in absolutely forfeiting their shares and the money paid in thereon, without sale and without notice, shortly after their default, and in appropriating the money so paid in for the benefit of members in good standing, when such members wait for more than four years after such forfeiture and after the distribution of such money in good faith, before they take any steps to protect their interests. In such case, the defaulting members and their assignee who brings the suit are estopped from denying that they have assented to or ratified the unlawful act of the directors.

BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS-UNAUTHORIZED ACT OF DIRECTORS-ESTOPPEL OF SHAREHOLDERS. It is inequitable for a shareholder, in a mutual building association, knowing that an act done by the directors in good faith for the benefit of the association, such as the unlawful forfeiture of his shares for delinquency in payments, is in fact unauthorized, to apparently acquiesce by his silence, but secretly reserve an option to repudiate the act in case of loss, or to enjoy its benefits if it proves profitable. Fairness requires that the dissenting shareholder should act promptly and make known his objections without unreasonable delay. If he fails to do so, his assent to the unauthorized act must be presumed, and he is estopped from denying that he has assented to or ratified such act.

G. D. Emery and Keith, Evans, Thompson & Fairchild, for the appellant.

M. F. Bowen, for the respondent.

88 COLLINS, J. Action by a party holding assignments of all the "right, title, and interest in law or equity" in and to certain certificates of stock held by defaulting shareholders in defendant corporation, a mutual building association organized under the provisions of the General Statutes of 1894, section 2794, to recover damages claimed on account of an alleged conversion of stock by the association.

The assignors subscribed for and received ten certificates in July, 1887. They paid their dues up to and including the month of December, 1890. They made default in January, 1891, and remained in default thereafter. The shares were declared forfeited in June, and the alleged conversion took place as early as July 1, 1891, at which time all payments made by the holders were declared forfeited, were converted to the use of the corporation, and, with other earnings, were distributed to all shares in good standing, and reported as so distributed to the

public examiner of the state, as required 87 by law. No application for reinstatement was ever made, nor any claim for the amount alleged to have been converted, prior to the commencement of this action, in March, 1896. The assignments to the plaintiff bear date December 31, 1895. No notice of forfeiture was given to the defaulting shareholders; the shares were not offered for sale, nor were they sold; and no proceedings were had except that the board of directors adopted a resolution declaring the forfeiture, and then proceeded to distribute to the other shares the sum paid in, less an agreed percentage set apart for expenses. Except upon the single question to be considered hereinafter, the case is controlled by that of Henkel v. Pioneer Sav. etc. Co., 61 Minn. 35. The court below so held. and, upon the question referred to, it held against defendant, ordering judgment in plaintiff's favor. The appeal is from an order denying defendant's motion for a new trial.

No attempt was made in the complaint or upon the trial to excuse or justify the default in payment of dues. The failure to pay appears to have been voluntary, with full knowledge on the part of the shareholders of the plan upon which the association was organized, their own contract with respect to a prompt payment of dues, entered into when they became members, and the method of forfeiture prescribed in the by-laws. The failure to pay was in total disregard of their obligations as such members. The by-laws, made a part of their contracts, provided for an absolute forfeiture to the association of their shares upon default in payment. They must be presumed to have known that the board of directors would promptly declare the forfeiture, and equally as promptly distribute the sums paid in to the remaining shares, and it must also be presumed that they knew that under the statutory provisions construed in the Henkel case this could not be done, although provided for in the by-laws and in the contracts with members. They must be presumed to have known that the shares in the association began to mature and become payable June 1, 1891, soon after their default, and that, in accordance with the by-laws, series of shares would mature monthly, would be paid, surrendered, and canceled; all of the earnings and profits, including moneys forfeited by defaulting members, less the expense, percentage, and amounts lost, being taken into consideration by the association when estimating its 88 earnings, and when distributing the same among members whose shares were maturing monthly, commencing June 1, 1891. The fact was that in the years

1891, 1892, and 1893, in accordance with the scheme of organization for the maturing of stock in monthly series, shares of the same class as those assigned to plaintiff to the amount and value of over one million dollars became payable, which included the proportion the shares were entitled to from all forfeitures, said amount having been paid out to members as their shares matured. These several payments included, of course, the proportionate amounts received by means of the resolution and action in respect to the sums paid in by the defaulting shareholders in question. It also appears that this method of estimating earnings and making distribution of amounts forfeited was in accordance with the instructions received from the public examiner.

In short, it is evident, that, in accordance with the provisions of the by-laws and the custom of the association prior to the decision in the Henkel case, the amount paid in by these shareholders, and which plaintiff seeks to recover, was, long before the commencement of this action, paid out to shareholders in the same class, and that these defaulting shareholders knew, or are presumed to have known of this custom, as well as what actually transpired. With actual or presumed knowledge of the acts of the board of directors and the association, these shareholders, residing within this state, remained silent for more than four years. They have never objected in any manner except as might be inferred from the assignments in December, 1895. With power to enforce their rights under the law, and to compel an observance of the statutory requirements in case of default and forfeiture, these stockholders apparently acquiesced in what was being done in good faith for over four years. They failed to protest or to assert their rights, but finally, by means of the assignments, put it in the power of the plaintiff to institute an action nominally against the association, but really against the present members, who have acquired their interests upon the faith of the acquiescence, and out of whom the amount of plaintiff's judgment should he recover, will ultimately come. Under such circumstances, we are of the opinion that the doctrine of equitable estoppel should be applied. In the case of Pinkus v. Minneapolis etc. Co., 65 Minn. 40, an action in which a stockholder 89 in a manufacturing corporation undertook to recover from it and from its directors the value of his proportionate share of property of the corporation exchangedultra vires and unlawfully, as he claimed-for stock in another corporation, this doctrine was approved and applied. It was

said, at page 47: "The equitable principles applicable to the facts of this case are too well settled to justify any extended discussion of them. Courts differ as to the precise designation of the ground upon which they deny relief to a dissenting stockholder, under the circumstances of this case. Some call it 'ratification,' others laches,' and still others an 'equitable estoppel.' If required to name the ground on which any relief to the plaintiff must be denied in this case, we should designate it a 'ratification by equitable estoppel,' but the name is immaterial: Turner v. Kennedy, 57 Minn. 104. It is inequitable for a stockholder, knowing that an act done by the directors and a majority of the stockholders, in good faith, for the benefit of the corporation, is in fact unauthorized, to apparently acquiesce by his silence, but secretly reserve an option to repudiate the act in case of loss, or to enjoy its benefits if it proves profitable. Fairness requires in such cases that dissenting shareholders should act promptly, and make known their objections without unreasonable delay. If they fail to do so, their assent to the unauthorized act will be presumed, and they will be estopped from denying that they have assented to or ratified the act."

A number of text-books were cited in support of this statement, and it cannot be doubted that it is well-settled law. The simple questions here are whether the doctrine is applicable in an action founded upon the rights of parties who have ceased to be stockholders in a corporation; and, if so, is this, upon the facts, a proper case for such application?

Both questions must be answered in the affirmative. Although the defaulting members had ceased to be stockholders, they still held a qualified interest in their share cartificates and in the association -an interest which it was the duty of the board of directors to protect by a strict compliance with the law respecting forfeitures. To the extent of this interest it was the duty of the directors to protect those who had ceased to be members quite as much as it was their duty to protect others who remained members. And to the extent of their interest the directors continued to be the representatives of defaulting members as fully as they represented members in good standing. Having an interest to be represented and taken 90 care of, members who dropped out of the association would be bound, in so far as that interest was concerned, in the same manner and to the same extent, as would those who remained, by the acts of their official representatives. If an act ultra vires

or illegal was performed by the directors which affected the former and their rights, it could in no way be distinguished from a like act so performed and affecting actual shareholders. The plaintiff is simply attempting to enforce a right which accrued to the shareholders as such when active membership ceased.

While the cases are not numerous, the doctrine of equitable estoppel through laches and acquiescence has been applied in actions brought to avoid illegal forfeitures of shares: Prendergast v. Turton, 1 Younge & C. Ch. 98, and cases cited in 23 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 825, notes 8, 9. On principle, such actions cannot be distinguished from that at bar.

We need not again allude specially to the facts upon which is predicated our conclusion that this is a very proper case for the application of the doctrine that fairness with the association and its members required of the defaulting shareholders that they should have protected their interest promptly, and should have asserted their rights without unreasonable delay. Not having done so, their assent to the unlawful appropriation of the amounts they paid in must be presumed, and they and their assignee are estopped from denying that they assented to or ratified such appropriation.

The order appealed from is reversed, and a new trial granted.

ESTOPPEL BY SILENCE-WHEN ARISES.-Silence does not create an estoppel unless there was a duty to speak: New York Rubber Co. v. Rothery, 107 N. Y. 310; 1 Am. St. Rep. 822; nor does mere silence, or some act done where the means of knowledge are equally open to both parties: Blodgett v. Perry, 97 Mo. 263; 10 Am. St. Rep. 307. But if one, by his acts or conduct, voluntarily causes another to believe in the existence of certain facts, and induces him to act upon that belief so as to change his previous position, the former is estopped to aver a different state of facts: Robinson Bank v. Miller, 153 Ill. 244; 46 Am. St. Rep. 883. Silence of a party having full knowledge of his own rights so as to intentionally permit others to be deceived and misled in relation to them, will conclude him from afterward interposing his claim to the prejudice of the party thus deceived or misled: Titus v. Morse, 40 Me. 348; 63 Am. Dec. 665; Phillipps v. Clark, 4 Met. 348; 83 Am. Dec. 471.

STATE V. TOOLE.

[69 MINNESOTA, 104.]

EXTRADITION-REVOCATION OF WARRANT.-The gov ernor of a state may effectively revoke his extradition warrant for the surrender of an alleged fugitive from justice at any time before he is taken out of the state.

EXTRADITION-REVOCATION OF WARRANT-CONCLUSIVENESS.-If the governor of a state has revoked his warrant for

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