their condition of equilibrium. The greater part of the recovery takes place in the first week, and a considerable part in the course of the first day."

Now I have little doubt that both the want of accordance in the readings of the instrument with decreasing and then with increasing pressure, and the "after-working" mentioned above, are mainly, if not entirely, due to the imperfect elasticity of the corrugated disk that forms the cover of the exhausted chamber. No metal is perfectly elastic except with very minute stresses, and, as a consequence, when a metal is made to go through a complete stress cycle, there is always more or less lagging of strain behind stress. Again, there is with all metals more or less of time-lag, so that any alteration of stress does not produce its full effect all at once. Provided the temperature be kept constant, and the metal be not in any way disturbed, the time-lag is of such a nature that for equal successive intervals of time the corresponding changes of strain form a descending geometrical progression. With some metals, such as tempered steel, and with moderate stresses, the effects of imperfect elasticity are not of any material consequence. With others, however, such as aluminium and zinc, and the alloys of the latter metal-namely, brass, German-silver, &c.-we meet with very appreciable deviations from the laws of perfect elasticity, even when the stresses used do not produce any permanent deformation. I understand that the corrugated cover is frequently made of an alloy something like German-silver, only softer. If this be so, I can well believe, from my experience of this alloy, that grave errors might arise, and probably have arisen, in the determinations of heights by the aneroid. If such a thing be feasible, I would suggest that the cover should be made of tempered

steel.

HERBERT TOMLINSON.

King's College, Strand, February 19.

Sparrows and Crocuses.

THE time of year has arrived when we shall once more be hearing of the ravages of sparrows on crocus blooms, and the theories advanced in order to account for this propensity for destruction on the part of the sparrow in suburban gardens and elsewhere. One pet theory is that the sparrow has a fondness for yellow, and shows it by destroying crocuses of that colour. Most unfortunately for the holders of such an opinion, the sparrow does not confine its attentions to yellow crocuses only, but attacks also the purple, white, &c., as any grower of crocuses can prove. Undoubtedly the yellow suffer most, probably because they are the first to appear, and meet the birds' most pressing requirements. Moreover, the sparrows sometimes attack the flowers while still in the sheath, and before it is certain what colour they will be.

The object of the sparrow in destroying the flowers is simply to obtain succulent food at a time of year when such in the form of larvæ, &c., is scarce. I have repeatedly watched the operation from my study window at a distance of very few feet. The stalk of the flower is bitten off by the bird some little distance below the flower itself. The succulent stalk is then nibbled away until the flower falls to pieces. The reproductive parts, and especially the anthers are not attacked, as some writers have asserted; but in consequence of the structure of the flower, they, like the petals and sepals, often fall away owing to the close nibbling of the bird.

Primroses also suffer. Early primroses are usually the common yellow form, ergo, according to theory-makers, the same cause is at work. So it is, but not in the direction they would have us believe. Here, again, I have distinctly seen the birds eating the flower-stalk.

I had written you a letter to the same effect as this about the same time last year, but from some cause or other it was not forwarded. I take this opportunity of possibly anticipating other letters on the same subject, and of inducing theorists to carefully watch the modus operandi as I have done before rushing

into print.

Lewisham, February 26.

R. MCLACHLAN.

A Possible Misunderstanding.

I HAVE seen a report that, in a recent number of the Atti della Regia Academia delle Scienze di Torino, Prof. Galileo Ferraris is credited with a statement which might mean that one of the formulæ which appear in a paper read by me before the Physical Society of London, in May 1888, was derived from a

HERMANN FRANZ MORITZ KOPP, a distinguished German chemist, and one of that band of literary and scientific workers which, five-and-twenty years ago, made Heidelberg celebrated as a centre of intellectual activity, passed away from the scene of his labours on February 20, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. He had been in failing health for some time past, and although his recuperative power at times seemed wonderful, his friends were not wholly unprepared for his decease.

Born October 30, 1817, at Hanau, where his father, Johann Heinrich Kopp, practised as a physician, Hermann Kopp received his school training at the Gymnasium of his native town, and thence passed to the Universities of Heidelberg and Marburg with the object of studying the natural sciences, and more particularly chemistry. The special bent of his mind towards chemistry would seem to have been given by his father. The elder Kopp occaLeonhard's Taschenbuch and Gehlen's Journal contain sionally busied himself with experimental chemistry, and papers by him on mineral analyses and on investigations relating to physiological chemical products.

In 1839, Hermann Kopp joined Liebig at Giessen, drawn thither by the extraordinary influence which has made the little laboratory on the banks of the Lahn for ever famous in the history of chemical science. For nearly a quarter of a century Kopp found in Giessen full scope for his scientific and literary activity. In 1841 he became a privat-docent in the University, two years later he was made an extraordinary professor, and in 1853 he became ordinary professor. In 1864 he was called to Heidelberg, where he remained until his death, occupying himself latterly with lectures on the history of chemistry, and on chemical crystallography.

At the very outset of his career as an investigator, Kopp seems to have devoted himself to that field of inquiry in which his chief distinction as an original worker was won, viz. physical chemistry. One of his earliest papers-" Ueber die Vorausbestimmung des specifischen Gewichts einiger Klassen chemischer Verbindungen," published in Poggendorff's Annalen in the year he went to Giessen-deals with the conception time. During the ensuing five-and-twenty years, so far of specific volume, which he here introduces for the first tirely occupied in attempting to trace experimentally as laboratory work was concerned, he was almost enthe connection between the physical properties of substances and their chemical nature. We owe to Kopp, in fact, all our broad fundamental generalizations concerning the connection between the molecular weights, relative densities, boiling-points, and specific heats of substances, and on the relations of crystalline form and chemical constitution to specific volume. For work of this kind Kopp was eminently well fitted. To remarkable manipulative dexterity and great ingenuity-much of which, as in the case of Wollaston, was spent in satisfying a certain fastidiousness for simplicity of apparatus and experimental method-was joined the most scrupulous sense of accuracy and illimitable patience. As proof of his accuracy, it may be stated that, although many observers have had occasion, from time to time, to review his work on the thermal expansion of liquids—and on a far more ambitious scale, and with more refined apparatus, than was possible half a century ago-his determinations have been practically unchallenged, and retain their place among the best ascertained constants of their kind.

Kopp's scientific papers dealing with his laboratory labours mainly appeared in Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie, and latterly in Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. One or two of his contributions appeared in the Philosophical Magazine, and the Chemical Society published his elaborate memoir on the specific heats of compound substances, in which he sought to develop and extend Naumann's law. But, compared with those of his contemporaries, Liebig and Wöhler, his papers are comparatively few in number. This is largely accounted for by the very character of his investigations. His communications were, for the most part, records of measurement, often troublesome and tedious in their nature, and followed by long and wearisome calculations; and in many cases the substances with which he experimented could only be prepared in a state of purity by longcontinued operations. It is only those who have engaged in work of this kind that can properly appreciate the amount of labour thus involved. The nature of the relations which he strove to elucidate necessitated the determination of the particular physical constants of some scores of substances; indeed, to Kopp, their number was only limited by the extent of his knowledge of the existence of their isomerides and homologues. Much of this work was necessarily of a pioneer character. It stands, in fact, to our later knowledge much in the same way as does the work of Boyle, Mariotte, and Gay-Lussac to the fuller development of the gaseous laws which we have witnessed during the past few years. Kopp, indeed, was among the earliest to venture into a province of which he actually was the first to recognize the exceeding fruitfulness. Its soil, however, is not of that nature which, tickled with a hoe, laughs with a harvest; it is only with much tillage and patient toil-the conjoint work of physicists and chemists-that it can be made to yield its riches. It is, however, by such work that the supreme secret-the true nature of the form of force with which the chemist is mainly concerned, the real nature of chemical affinity-will be revealed.

Kopp is known to the literary world mainly by his great work on the "History of Chemistry" (Brunswick, 1843-47, 4 vols.). The amount of labour and research involved in the preparation of this work was simply stupendous. It is not many men of.twenty-five who would have either the skill or the patience to attack the mass of literature which embalms the chemical lore of the ancient peoples of the East, or who would devote years to extracting what there is of science or philosophy from the jargon of the alchemists, or the mystical writings of the Rosicrucians. It is hardly to be wondered at that nearly every subsequent writer on the history of chemistry has been content to take his facts from Kopp: their works, so far as they relate to the early history of the science, are based, and, for the most part, avowedly so, on his researches. From time to time Kopp published supplementary volumes on the same subject. In 1869-75 appeared his "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Chemie" (Brunswick, three parts); in 1871-73 the "Entwicklung der Chemie in neuerer Zeit"; and, in 1886, "Die Alchemie in älterer und neuerer Zeit" (Heidelberg, 2 vols.). In 1849 appeared his "Einleitung in die Krystallographie" (Brunswick; 2nd ed., 1862); and in conjunction with his Giessen colleagues, Buff and Zamminer, he published his "Lehrbuch der physikal. und theoretischen Chemie" (Brunswick, 1857; 2nd ed., 1863), which constitutes a portion of the well-known Graham-Otto's "Lehrbuch der Chemie," one of the standard text-books in Germany and Austria.

In 1848, Kopp joined Liebig in the production of the Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Chemie, which he continued to edit, latterly with Heinrich Will, down to 1862. In 1851 he became the acting editor of the Annalen der Chemie, and although, with increasing years and failing health, he was obliged to relinquish the re

sponsible management, he continued to the last to take a lively interest in the fortunes of the periodical.

Kopp's services to chemical science were recognized by our own Chemical Society as far back as 1849; and, with the exceptions of Bunsen, who is the Doyen of the Forty, and who celebrates his jubilee as a Foreign Member this year, and of Fresenius, who was elected in 1844, he was the oldest Foreign Member of the Society. He was made an honorary member of the German Chemical Society in 1869, and in 1888 he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.

at

Kopp was a good linguist and an omnivorous reader, not only of matters scientific, but also of history and contemporary politics. He was remarkably catholic in his tastes and wide in his sympathies. Indeed, no man could be further removed than he in this respect from the conventional idea of the German professor. He was a constant reader of NATURE, and hence was well informed of the march of events, scientific and educational, in this country. The writer of this notice, who counts it a great privilege to be able to number himself among his pupils, when visiting him in Heidelberg last spring was astonished to find how fully and accurately he had grasped the details and bearings of the projected scheme for the new University in London, as it was that time understood. He was much interested, too, in the great experiment which the County Councils have undertaken in relation to secondary education, but of the result of that experiment in its present form he expressed himself as not very hopeful. His extraordinary range of information, his wonderfully retentive memory, his geniality, his keen sense of humour, his fund of anecdote, and exceptional conversational powers, made him one of the most delightful of companions. Even in the pages of the Jahresbericht, the evidences of Kopp's humour are to be found. In abstracting the well-known paper by Playfair and Joule on the Specific Volume of Hydrated Salts, he is constrained to remark:

"Die Verfasser dieser Abhandlung sind anerkannte Forscher, aber das hebt die Unbegreiflichkeit nicht auf, dass in dem phosphorsauren Natron, welches wir vor uns sehen, es nur das Wasser sein soll, welches den Raum erfüllt, neither acid nor base occupy space. Wie durch Zauberei kommen die letztern erst bei dem Erhitzen räumlich zum Vorschein.-Säure und Basis nehmen hier keinen Raum ein, weil die Annahme, das Wasser sei hier mit dem spec. Volum des Eises vorhanden, gemacht worden ist, und nach ihr fur Säure und Basis Nichts übrig bleibt. Jene Katze wurde von ihrem Herrn vermisst, obgleich er sie unter Händen hielt, weil er die Annahme gemacht hatte, sie habe das Fleisch gefressen. An diese merkwürdige Begebenheit wird man sehr oft in den Naturwissenschaften erinnert. Ein Mann supponirte, seine Katze habe Fleisch gefressen; er wog sie, und da sie grade so viel wog als das abhanden gekommene Fleisch, sagte er verwundert hier ist mein Fleisch; wo bleibt meine Katze?'"

As Mr. Oscar Wilde has just reminded us, we are far too serious nowadays; our Jahresberichte, Berichte, and Chemical Society Journals have grown to be fat, unwieldy tomes, and the printers' bills grow steadily year by year; otherwise some of us would not be greatly shocked to find our scientific reading occasionally lightened a little in this way. For it was the saying of an ancient sage that humour is the only test of gravity; and gravity, of humour.

By no one will Kopp's departure be more keenly felt than by Bunsen, his friend and colleague for more than a quarter of a century. The strollers along the Anlage will miss the quaint little figure on its way to the daily visit to the old veteran, who, rich in honour and in years, is now the last of that famous triumvirate-Bunsen, Kirchhoff, and Kopp-the memory of whose services the world will not willingly let die. T. E. THORPE.

NOTES.

THE annual soirée of the Royal Society is to be held on Wednesday, May 4. There will be a ladies' conversazione later in the season.

ON Monday Mr. Balfour announced that the draft charter of the Gresham University would be remitted for reconsideration; and promised to make a statement on the subject this evening. The proposal to refer the charter back to the Privy Council has caused much dissatisfaction. The only reasonable course is to refer it to a Committee, on which educationalists and teachers in all the faculties shall be strongly represented.

AT the ordinary meeting of the Royal Meteorological Society, to be held at 25 Great George Street, Westminster, on Wednesday, the 16th instant, at 7 p.m., the President, Dr. C. Theodore Williams, will deliver an address on "The Value of Meteorological Instruments in the selection of Health Resorts," | which will be illustrated by a number of lantern slides. The meeting will be adjourned at 8.30 p.m., in order to afford the Fellows and their friends an opportunity of inspecting the Exhibition of instruments, charts, maps and photographs relating to climatology, and of such new instruments as have been invented or first constructed since the last Exhibition. The Exhibition will be open from Tuesday, the 15th instant, to Friday, the 18th.

STILL another new chemical laboratory in Germany. We hear that Prof. Emil Fischer, at Würzburg, is now to have a new laboratory at a cost of 600,000 marks. Prof. Victor Meyer's new laboratory at Heidelberg is to be ready on May 1. WE regret to have to record the death of Sir John Coode, the eminent engineer. He died on March 2 at the age of seventysix. He was President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1889 and 1890.

IN connection with the International Congresses of Zoology and Prehistoric Archæology, which will be held this summer at Moscow, an exhibition of acclimatization will be opened at the end of June. It will contain specimens of all plants acclimatized

in Russia.

THE office of Superintendent-General of Education for Cape Colony, rendered vacant by the retirement of Sir Langham Dale, has now been filled, Dr. Thomas Muir, of the High School of Glasgow, to whom it was offered some time ago, having definitely accepted the appointment. The Glasgow Herald speaks of Dr. Muir's departure as "a distinct loss to education and science in Scotland." Some years ago the Royal Society of Edinburgh awarded to him the Keith Medal for his contributions to mathematics.

AN important memorial will shortly be brought before the Board of the Faculty of Natural Science, Oxford, by the Council of the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching. It relates to what the Council regard as a serious defect in the Oxford Pass Examination papers in geometry. These generally consist entirely of propositions enunciated without any variation from the ordinary text of Euclid, and scarcely any attempt is made to discover whether a student's answers are other than the

outcome of a mere effort of memory. The Council are of opinion that such papers have the effect of a direct incentive to unintelligent teaching, and respectfully ask for the introduction of simple exercises and of simple questions on the book-work set in order to promote the rational study of geometry.

THE relics of the explorers John and Sebastian Cabot, preserved at Bristol, are to be sent to the Chicago Exhibition. It is expected that they will attract much attention.

IN the electricity building at the Chicago Exhibition there will be no fewer than 40,000 panes of glass. This building will be especially conspicuous at night, as, owing to its extensive glass

surface, the brilliancy of its electrical exhibit will be strikingly visible from the outside.

LAST Saturday Prof. Roberts-Austen delivered one of the series of lectures now being given at the South Kensington Museum for the purpose of extending the knowledge of the science and art collections and of making them more generally useful, taking as his subject art metal-work. He pointed out that, as a metallurgist, he could only claim authority to deal with the materials employed for art metal-work. Setting aside wrought iron, the most important of these were alloys, especially those of the copper-tin series (the bronzes), and those of the copper-zinc series (the brasses). When the elder Pliny wrote in the first half of the first century of our era, and described the nature of the early metallurgy, industrial art in bronze was really far advanced. The artist, however, had in point of skill left the metallurgist far behind. Referring to the presence of lead in bronze as giving to the metal a beautiful velvety patina by atmospheric exposure, Prof. Roberts-Austen said that there was little use in attempting to compose a bronze with a view to enable it to acquire a patina in the London atmosphere. He took as an instance one of our last erected monuments, the equestrian statue of Lord Napier of Magdala opposite the Guards' Memorial in Waterloo Place. A few weeks ago the patina had begun to form, and iridescent tints played over the features, while unsightly rain stains ran down his horse; now the layer was thickening, and a gray-brown tint deepening, but there was no velvety-brown oxide, or rich green and blue carbonate. The soldier, field-glass in hand, was sternly looking away from the Athenæum and the learned Sccieties, as if conscious that, in the present state of the London atmosphere, he was beyond the aid of science, for science had clearly stated that so long as bituminous coal was burnt in open fire-places London must be smoky, and man and horse would soon be covered with a black pall of soot and sulphide of copper, such as now enshrouded the unfortunate occupants of the adjoining pedestals.

THE Royal Society of New South Wales offers its medal and £25 for the best communication (provided it be of sufficient merit) containing the results of original research or observation upon each of the following subjects:-To be sent in not later than May 1, 1892: on the iron ore deposits of New South Wales; on the effect which settlement in Australia has produced upon indigenous vegetation, especially the depasturing of sheep and cattle; on the coals and coal measures of Australia. To be sent in not later than May 1, 1893: upon the weapons, utensils, and manufactures of the aborigines of Australia and Tasmania ; on the effect of the Australian climate upon the physical development of the Australian-born population; on the injuries occasioned by insect pests upon introduced trees. To be sent in not later than May 1, 1894: on the timbers of New South Wales, with special reference to their fitness for use in construction, manufactures, and other similar purposes; on the raised sea-beaches and kitchen middens on the coast of New South Wales; on the aboriginal rock carvings and paintings in New South Wales. The competition is not confined to members of the Society, nor to residents in Australia, but is open to all without any restriction whatever, excepting that a prize will not be awarded to a member of the Council for the time being; neither will an award be made for a mere compilation, however meritorious in its way. The communication, to be successful, must be either wholly or in part the result of original observation or research on the part of the contributor. The successful papers will be published in the Society's annual volume. Fifty reprint copies will be furnished to the author free of expense. A PRIZE is offered by Schnyder von Wartensee's Foundation, Zürich, for the solution of the following problems in the domain of physics. "As the numbers which represent the atomic heats of

zone as compared with the zone of totality is more difficult to account for.

THE Smithsonian Institution has printed a capital study of the puma or American lion (Felis concolor of Linnæus), by Mr. F. W. True. The author notes that the puma possesses in a remarkable degree the power of adapting himself to varied surroundings. The animal endures severe cold during the winter in the Adirondack Mountains and other parts of the northern frontier of the United States, and tracks his prey in the snow. He is equally at home in the hot swamps and canebrakes along the river-courses of the Southern States. In South America he inhabits the treeless, grass covered pampas as well as the forests. In the Rocky Mountains, as Mr. True is informed by Mr. William T. Hornaday, he ascends to the high altitudes in which the mountain sheep are found. Mr. Livingston Stone saw tracks

publication, to be called British Museum Phycological Memoirs, edited by Mr. George Murray. It will be devoted exclusively to original algological papers, the records of research carried on in the Cryptogamic laboratory of the British Museum in Cromwell Road, and is intended to be issued at about half-yearly intervals The first part will be illustrated by eight plates, and will contain, among other articles, the description of a new order of Marine Algæ.

DR. BAILLON'S "Dictionnaire de Botanique," the publication of which was commenced in 1869, is now completed.

A NEW acid, chromosulphuric, possessing the composition H2Cr2(SO4), is described by M. Recoura in the current numbe of the Comptes rendus. A short time ago the same chemist obtained a remarkable isomeric form of chromic sulphate,

at an elevation of 3000 feet. Similarly, Darwin states that he saw the footprints of the puma on the Cordillera of Central Chili, at an elevation of at least 10,000 feet. According to Tschudi, the puma is found in Peru in the highest forests and even to the snow-line.

In his Report on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, for 1890, just issued, Mr. J. H. Hart, the Superintendent, says that, while on a journey to St. Vincent, in August 1890, he discovered a form of Agave rigida, Mill., previously unknown to West Indian floras. It produces a useful fibre, but appears to be too short in the leaf to rival the variety known as Agave rigida, var. sisalana, of Perrine. The same species has also since been found in Barbados, and identified with the above. "With nothing," says Mr. Hart, "is it more easy to make a mistake than the various species of Agave, and special care should be taken by growers for economical purposes to have their plant identified by competent persons, before expending large sums on cultivation. As an instance, I may mention that the Coratoe of Jamaica was for long years popularly supposed to be no other than the Tropical American Agave americana, until an examination was made into its characteristics by Mr. D. Morris when that gentleman was resident in Jamaica. The same thing occurred in Trinidad. The Langue Bauf of the Bocas Islands was for many years supposed to be Agave vivipara, Linn., but a plant sent to Kew from these Gardens proves it to be the Mexican Agave polyacantha, Haw. A plant from St. Lucia, recently received, shows characteristic points differing from any of the above, though popularly supposed to be identical with our Bocas Island plant, and it may be found that several unknown Agaves exist in the West Indies that have been passed over by botanists from their similarity of growth to the commonly known forms of the larger islands and mainland."

AN excellent series of "Museum Hand-books" is being issued by the Manchester Museum, Owens College. A "General Guide to the Contents of the Museum" has been prepared by Mr. W. E. Hoyle, Keeper of the Museum, and Prof. Milnes Marshall has drawn up an "Outline Classification of the Animal Kingdom," and a "Descriptive Catalogue of the Embryological Models."

WE have received the tenth Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1888-89, by Mr. J. W. Powell, Director. It is divided into two parts, the first relating to geology, the second to irrigation.

MESSRS. GAUTHIER-VILLARS have published a work entitled "Leçons de Chimie," by Henri Gautier and Georges Charpy. It is intended mainly for the use of students of special mathematics.

WE learn from the Journal of Botany that the first part will shortly be issued by Messrs. Dulau and Co. of a new botanical

nor of a salt of chromium. For instance, its solution yielded no precipitate of barium sulphate with barium chloride. This isomeric form of chromic sulphate is found to combine directly with one equivalent of sulphuric acid or of a metallic sulphate to produce the new acid, or a salt of it. Thus, when a solution of zinc sulphate is mixed with a solution of the isomeric sulphate of chromium in equivalent molecular proportion, zinc chromosulphate is formed, ZnCr2(SO4)4. The solution of this zinc salt so obtained gives none of the reactions of sulphuric acid, nor does it yield those of chromic acid, but it exhibits the usual reactions of zinc salts; hence it must be a zinc salt of a specific acid, chromosulphuric. When the solutions of the new acid and its salts are allowed to stand, they gradually decompose, and barium chloride commences to precipitate barium sulphate, hence they appear not to be very stable, but to decompose slowly into a mixture of ordinary chromic sulphate and sulphuric acid or the metallic sulphate. Boiling brings about the decomposition at once. The acid itself has been obtained in the solid state, combined with eleven molecules of water; it is a green powder, which is very hygroscopic, and rapidly deliquesces in moist air but is quite permanent in a dry atmosphere. Its solution possesses a brilliant green colour when freshly prepared, but, upon standing, changes to blue, and, after a few days, passes completely into a violet-coloured solution of ordinary chromic sulphate mixed with free sulphuric acid. The potassium salt has also been obtained in the solid state, combined with four molecules of water, as a green powder whose dilute solution yields no precipitate with barium chloride, but at once gives the usual potassium precipitates with platinic chloride and picric acid. This salt also appears to be formed when chrome alum is dehydrated first for some time at 90°, and finally at 110°. The sodium and ammonium salts have likewise been obtained, and are found to resemble the potassium salt closely in their nature and properties.

THE additions to the Zoological Society's Gardens during the past week include two Silver-backed Foxes (Canis chama), two Leopard Tortoises (Testudo pardalis) from South Africa, presented by Mr. C. Holmes; a Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina 8) from Australia, presented by Mr. W. J. C. P. Macey; a Ring-tailed Coati (Nasua rufa) from South America, presented by Miss M. Tew; a Fallow Deer (Dama vulgaris ? ), British, presented by Mrs. Edith Hilder; a Milky Eagle Owl (Bubo lacteus) from Mashonaland, South Africa, presented by Mr. E. A. Maund; four Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus), a Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus), two Black-headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus), a Jackdaw (Corvus monedula), a Tawny Owl (Syrnium aluco), British, an Orange-cheeked Maxbill (Estrelda melpoda) from South Africa, two Hooded Finches (Spermestes cucullata) from West Africa, an Indian Silver-bill (Munia malabarica) from India, twelve Barbary Turtle Doves Turtur risorius) from North Africa, presented by Mrs. Kate