effected at an unprecedented rate and is still rushing forward to new conquests. Living in a new material world, we lack a science of government capable of controlling its destructive tendencies or of turning its achievements to social ends. (3) World society rests on the nation, and the preservation of the nation depends upon the establishment of principles and methods of international coöperation that will effectively solve the vast problems impossible of solution by nations acting singly or bargaining two by two. It is the purpose of this book to indicate, while reviewing the facts of our economic life, the principles that may guide toward a more adequate and intelligent organization of our common international existence. The busy life of a government official does not lend itself to consecutive research. This volume is the growth of several years. As will be obvious, it does not discuss the domestic tariff problem; nevertheless in a broad sense it is a by-product of my daily work. Some parts are adaptations of my lectures in the School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University, and others of addresses in conferences over which I presided in 1922, 1923, and 1924 at the Institute of Politics at Williamstown, Mass. Through the courtesy of Dr. Clyde L. King, editor of the Annals, I have made use of some data from my volume on Raw Materials and Foodstuffs in the Commercial Policies of Nations, published by the American Academy of Political and Social Science. The opinions expressed are personal and are in no sense to be ascribed, because of their publication by me, to the United States Tariff Commission, of which I am a member. From time to time friends have contributed suggestions utilized in the text and have assisted in shaping the final form of the manuscript. I wish here to acknowledge my indebtedness to them, and especially to Benjamin B. Wal lace, Herman G. A. Brauer, Perry T. Hitchens, Walter Rogers, Carl W. Bahr, Samuel Schoenrich, Edwin Sands, Lloyd W. Maxwell, George Byers, Miss Martha W. Williams, Arthur Connors, George H. Parater, Philip G. Wright, and Adam Shortt. W. S. C. CONTENTS PAGE International Free-Trade Movement Economic Conquest of the Non-European World... Degrees of Dependency in the Modern World..... Foreign Commerce and Governments as Allies.... 5 7 19 Most-favored-nation Treatment Defined..... Unilateral Pledges in Treaties with Non-European Emancipation from Western Control Beginning.. Language Used in Conditional and Unconditional Most-favored-nation Treatment in Specified Matters.... American Statesmen on Conditional Interpretation... 63 American Courts on the Conditional Interpretation.... 68 Additional Duties and Depreciated Currencies..... American Government's Use of the Rule of Uniformity. 76 Penalty Provisos in Violation of Most-favored-nation What Constitutes an Equivalent Concession?. IV. PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF TARIFF BARGAINING. No Settled Policy of Tariff Negotiations.. Classification of Tariff Bargaining Measures. Our Preferential Arrangement with Brazil, 1904-1922.. 109 The Objectionable Policy Survives in Certain Provisos.. 115 Reduction of Duties to Obtain Special Concessions..... 117 Attempt at Reciprocity with Canada, 1910-11.... Concessional Method to Secure Equality of Treatment. 135 Additional Duties to Secure Equality of Treatment.... 139 |