Robert who was standing near the throne, lifted his eyes, and he was alone. 13. They cried to him to come back before the ruin fell. PRINCIPLE XVII.-Direct and Indirect Narration. The direct form of speech gives the thought of another in his own words; the indirect gives his thought only, not his words: as Direct.-1. The crabbed old schoolmaster used to ask, when they brought him a new pupil, "But are you sure he is not a dunce?" 2. "Do not trouble yourself too much about the light upon your statue," said Michael Angelo to a young sculptor, "the light of the public square will test its value." Indirect.-1. The crabbed old schoolmaster used to ask, when they brought him a new pupil, whether they were sure he was not a dunce. 2. Michael Angelo told a young sculptor not to trouble himself too much about the light on his statue, for the light of the public square would test its value. PRINCIPLE.-Where energetic expression of thought is desired, prefer the direct form of narration to the indirect. Sometimes, however, energy has to be sacrificed to brevity, in which case the indirect form must be used. Exercise 67.- Re-write, changing to the indirect form. REMARK.-The indirect form usually requires the use of the third person instead of the first and second, and the past tense instead of the present; it requires no quo tation marks. f 1. Dr. Johnson is reported to have said: "If a boy says he looked out of this window, when he looked out of that, whip him." 2. "My children," said an old man to his boys who had been frightened by a figure in a dark entry, "my children, you will never see anything in this world worse than yourselves." 3. "For myself," said Daniel Webster, "I propose to abide by the principles and the purposes which I have avowed. I shall stand by the Union, and by all who stand by it. I shall do justice to the whole country according to the best of my ability in all I say, and act for the good of the country in all I do. I mean to stand upon the Constitution. I need no other platform. I shall know but one country. The ends I aim at shall be my country's, my God's, and Truth's." (See Principle XIV.) 4. Wolfe, also, as he led to the charge, was wounded in the wrist; but, still pressing forward, he received a second ball; and, having decided the day, was struck a third time, and mortally, in the breast. "Support me," he cried to an officer near him; "let not my brave fellows see me drop." He was carried to the rear, and they brought him water to quench his thirst. “They run! they run!" spoke the officer on whom he leaned. "Who run?" asked Wolfe, as his life blood was fast ebbing. "The French," replied the officer, “give way everywhere.” "What," cried the expiring hero, "do they run already? Go, one of you, to Colonel Burton; bid him march Webb's regiment with all speed to Charles River to cut off the fugitives." Four days before he had looked on early death with dismay. "Now, God be praised, I die happy.” These were his words as his spirit escaped in the blaze of his glory. Exercise 68.- Re-write, changing to the direct form. Punctuate according to the rules. 1. De Maistre says that to know how to wait is the great secret of success. 2. Pope says that fame can never make us lie down contented on our death-beds. 3. Dean Swift averred that he never knew a man come to eminence who lay in bed of a morning. 4. Washington Irving relates that, in the course of a December tour in Yorkshire, he rode for a long time in one of the public coaches on the day preceding Christmas, and that he had three fine, rosy-cheeked schoolboys as his companions inside. 5. All this time, however, Pandora's fingers were half unconsciously busy with the knot; and happening to glance at the flowerwreathed face on the lid of the enchanted box, she seemed to perceive it slyly grinning at her. She thought the face looked very mischievous, and wondered if it smiled because she was doing wrong, and she had the greatest mind in the world to run away. But just then, by the merest accident, she gave the knot a kind of twist, which produced wonderful results. The gold cord untwined itself, as if by magic, and left the box without a fastening. Pandora thought that the strangest thing she had ever known, and questioned herself as to what Epimetheus would say, and how she could tie the box up again. PRINCIPLE XVIII.-Inversion. The groves are sweet, The fields are verdant, Gilpin went away, are all arranged in the order of (1) subject, (2) predicate, (3) complement. This is the most common arrangement, and is called the natural or grammatical order. Now change this order. Place the adjectives sweet, verdant, and the adverb away at the beginning, as, Sweet are the groves, Verdant are the fields, Away went Gilpin. What is the effect? These words by being placed in so unusual and prominent a place attract more attention; that is, they are more emphatic. Any change from the grammatical order is called inversion, and the sentence is said to have the inverted or emphatic order. The subject, or any word whose usual position is at or near the beginning, is made emphatic by being thrown toward the end; the verb, or any word whose usual position is at or near the end, is made emphatic by being thrown toward the beginning. In general, a word becomes emphatic by being placed in an unusual position. апи PRINCIPLE. When energy is desired, use the inverted or emphatic order of sentence in preference to the grammatical. Inversion, like exclamation and interrogation, must be used sparingly in prose. Exercise 69.- Change from the inverted to the grammatical order. Show what words are rendered emphatic by the inversion. 1. Bent is his head of age, and red his tearful eye. 2. Beautiful was the night. 3. Behind the black wall of the forest, tipping its summit with silver, arose the moon. 4. On the river fell here and there through the branches, a tremulous gleam of the moonlight. 5. Loud and sudden and near the note of the whippoorwill sounded, like a flute in the woods, and, anon through the neighboring village, farther and farther away it floated and dropped into silence. 6. In came a fiddler with a music-book. In came Mrs. Fezziwig, one vast, substantial smile. In came all the young men and young women employed in the business. 7. Wide is the gate and broad is the way that leadeth to destruction. 8. Fair she was and young; but, alas! before her extended dreary and vast and silent the desert of life. 9. From the church no Angelus sounded, rose no smoke from the roofs, and gleamed no lights from the windows. 10. Round he throws his baleful eyes that witnessed huge affliction and dismay. Exercise 70.- Change from the grammatical to the emphatic order by placing the italicized words in emphatic positions. Explain the effect upon the sentence. 1. We laid him down slowly and sadly. 2. The night was wild. 3. The lamps shone bright o'er fair women and brave men. 4. Now still evening came on, and gray twilight had clad all things in her sober livery. 5. The breath of morn is sweet, and the coming on of grateful evening is sweet. 6. The powerful king of day comes yonder, rejoicing in the east. 7. The world of God around us is indeed glorious; but the world of God within us is still more glorious. 8. The moonlight was lovely as it gleamed and danced on the waters. 9. The sleep of the dead is deep. 10. O Peace, thou art lovely; and thy children are lovely; and the prints of thy footsteps are lovely. 11. The shout that echoed was sublime. 12. The fierce rushing of the eagles' wings came down. 13. Thou art the gale of spring in peace; the mountain storm in war. 14. The eyes gleaming on the terrified Romans through the foliage were theirs. 15. She stretched out her hand and touched it timidly. PRINCIPLE XIX.-Figures. There are certain forms of expression called Figures, used by writers for the purpose of giving strength, clearness, and beauty to style. Only a few of the more common figures are here treated; as, Simile, Metaphor, Metonymy, and Personification. SIMILE. If we say, The soldier fought like a lion, we do not mean that he fought in every respect like a lion, that is, with a lion's teeth and claws, but that he had a lion's fierceness, boldness. When the poets say, Her teeth were like pearl, they mean merely that her teeth are white as pearl. The soldier and the lion, the teeth and the pearl, have no resemblance except in this one point. When objects in most respects dissimilar are shown to have in one respect a similarity, the expression is called the figure of simile. You will observe that the two parts of the simile are connected by like, than, or as. Exercise 71. In the following similes tell where the resemblance lies. Re-write, expressing in plain language, the idea contained in the simile. 1. The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold. 2. And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea. 3. Black were |