PRINCIPLE X.-"And."

EXAMPLE. The astronomer was at his telescope, and the great ships were laboring over the waves, and the toiling eagerness of commerce and the fierce spirit of revolution were only ebbing in brief rest, and sleepless statesmen were dreading the possible crises of the

morrow.

One of the most common faults in young writers is the unnecessary use of and. The ands can often be omitted, or the sentence can be so transformed that they are not needed. In the example, all difficulty can be avoided by omitting the first two conjunctions; thus, The astronomer was at his telescope; the great ships were laboring over the waves; the toiling eagerness of commerce and the fierce spirit of revolution were only ebbing in brief rest; and sleepless statesmen were dreading the possible crises of the morrow.

PRINCIPLE.-Avoid an unpleasant repetition of "and." Exercise 43.- Remove all unnecessary ands.

1. These objects struck the natives with terror, and they began to respect their new guests as a superior order of beings, and concluded that they were the children of the sun and had descended to visit the earth.

2. From all these symptoms, Columbus was confident of being near land, and on the evening of the 11th of October, he ordered the sails to be furled, and the ship to bring to, and strict watch to be kept, lest they should be driven on shore in the night.

3. Then did Æneas pass on his way, and the goddess led him, and the flames gave place to him, and the javelins harmed him not.

4. The daylight had dawned upon the glades of the oak forests, and the green boughs glittered with all their pearls of dew, and the hind led her fawn from the covert of high fern to the more open walks of the green wood, and no huntsman was there to watch or intercept the stately hart as he paced at the head of the antlered herd.

PRINCIPLE XI.-Climax.

EXAMPLE.-We may die, die colonists, die slaves, die, it may be, ignominiously and on the scaffold.

Notice that the parts are arranged in order of strength, the strength increasing from the beginning to the end. To die slaves is worse than to die colonists, to die on the scaffold is the worst of all. Reverse, or in any way change this order, and the strength of the sentence is gone.

PRINCIPLE. Arrange the parts of a sentence in the order of strength, beginning with the least forcible. Such an arrangement is called a climax, that is, a ladder.

Exercise 44.- Re-arrange in order of climax.

1. Learn to do well! Cease to do evil! Steal no more! 2. He then drew a picture of the sufferings of the Saviour; his death; his crucifixion; his trial before Pilate; and his ascent up Calvary. 3. It is great to labor, to suffer, to live, for great public ends. 4. To what did he sacrifice country, rank, power, and freedom itself? 5. The ponderous machinery of the French Empire was flying asunder, rending, crushing, stunning thousands on every side. 6. We can look to the throne of God; change and decay have never reached that; the waves of eternity have been rushing past it, but it has remained unshaken; the revolution of ages has never moved it. 7. I have no wish to trample upon the memory of Napoleon the First, whom I regard as by no means the worst of men, the most arbitrary of despots, or the most ambitious of conquerors. 8. If we must die, let it be under the clear sky, by the bright waters, in noble, honorable battle! If we must fight, let us fight for ourselves! If we must slaughter, let us slaughter our enemies. 9. What a piece of work is man in action how like an angel! in form and moving how express and admirable! in apprehension how like a God! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculties! 10. Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances; of hair-breadth 'scapes in the imminent, deadly breach; of being taken by the insolent foe, and sold to slavery; of moving accidents by flood and field.

PRINCIPLE XII.— Position of Phrases.

PRINCIPLE.-1. Phrases should not be crowded unpleasantly together. 2. Phrases may often be placed with good effect at the beginning of the sentence, especially if it is desired to throw the subject for emphasis toward the end.

Exercise 45.-Put the phrases into the best possible position.

1. His lordship in some degree recovered, medical assistance having been obtained, and was conveyed to his favorite villa of Hayes in Kent, where, May 11, 1778, in the seventieth year of his age he expired. 2. The Forfarshire steamer, under the command of Captain John Humble, of about three hundred and twenty tons burden, sailed from Hull on a voyage to Dundee, September 5, 1838, on Wednesday morning. 3. A brazen statue of Justice stood in the public square, once in an ancient city, whose name I no longer remember, raised aloft on a column, upholding the scales in its left hand, and in its right a sword. 4. The lovely stars blossomed in the infinite meadows of heaven, silently, one by one. 5. She entered the door of the almshouse, wending her quiet way through the streets deserted and silent on a Sabbath morn. 6. Into the lock of the wicket which opened into the castle garden, at the dead hour of midnight, the page put the key, when all was silent in the garden.

PRINCIPLE XIII.-Emphasis.

EXAMPLE. If thou didst ever thy dear father love, revenge his foul and most unnatural murder.

The principal thing that the Ghost wishes to tell Hamlet is that he (Hamlet's father) was murdered, and that Hamlet must revenge the murder. But by the same principle as in Climax, the less important part must be put

first. Reverse the order, place the dependent clause at the end, and see how much is lost in strength.

PRINCIPLE.-Place the emphatic part of the statement, whether of phrase or clause, at the end. As the dependent clause is not often the emphatic one, it should not generally come at the end.

Exercise 46.- Correct all the faulty examples. Explain fully.

1. Then, O Cromwell, thou falls't a blessed martyr, if thou falls't. 2. I would never lay down my arms, never! never! never! if I were an American as I am an Englishman. 3. The sons of men shall one by one be gathered to thy side, as the long train of ages glides away. 4. Thou diest, and all thy goods are confiscate, if thou takest more, or less, than just a pound of flesh, nay, if the scales do turn but in the estimation of a hair. 5. Where angels fear to tread, fools rush in. 6. If you prick us, do we not bleed? Do we not laugh if you tickle us? If you poison us, do we not die, and shall we not revenge if you wrong us? 7. Where snow falls there is freedom. 8. Stand here like fat oxen waiting to be killed, if ye are beasts! Follow me, if ye are men! 9. Let us at least make one more effort, and let us fall like men, if we must fall. 10. There is my dagger, and here my naked breast; within, a heart dearer than Pluto's mine, richer than gold: take it forth, if that thou be'st a Roman. 11. Thou break'st thy instrument if thou dost nod. 12. If you dare, do that thing again.

PRINCIPLE XIV.- Change of Construction.

EXAMPLE 1.-The corrupt heart and the tongue that is ready.

One of these nouns is limited by a word and the other by a clause. Nothing is gained by such an arrangement, and much is lost. Say rather, The corrupt heart and the ready tongue.

EXAMPLE 2. His face and figure were eminently handsome, and he had engaging and noble manners.

In the second clause, manners should be put in the same construction as the words face and figure, that is, it should be the subject. Say, and his manners were engaging and noble.

PRINCIPLE.-Do not change unnecessarily the construction of a sentence, as from a participial phrase to an infinitive, from a word to a phrase, from a phrase to a clause, etc.

Exercise 47.- Change to similar constructions. Explain fully.

1. He decided to visit the gorge, and if he saw any of the party, he would ask for his dog and gun. 2. He was inferior in both natural abilities and those that are acquired. 3. The old inform the young, and the young animate those who are advanced in life. 4. I remained a long time considering the number of things connected with this marvellous bridge (the bridge of death), and to see the people falling just at the time when they seemed to be enjoying themselves. 5. Their business is to depreciate human nature, and the considering of it under its worst appearances. 6. They give mean interpretations, and motives that are base, to the worthiest actions. 7. We live in the past by a knowledge of its history, and we have hope and anticipation in the future. 8. Almost every object that attracts our notice has its bright side and that which is dark.

PRINCIPLE XV.-Thoughts not Connected.

EXAMPLE.-Goldsmith was a clergyman's son, and very early in life he had the small-pox.

As these two statements are joined in one sentence, they should have some natural connection. But surely Goldsmith's having had the small-pox has nothing what