as to admit the head of only one at a time,- | lovely, dear, delightful little creatures! thus preventing waste of corn. It is a Possessed of these, we should feel "too kind of elongated hopper, the lid being happy !" They were shown, if we remember raised by means of hinges. The inventor is rightly, by Messrs. Esquilant, Payne, and Mr. Hardmeat, of Queen's wharf, Lynn. Jones. Both articles are made of iron, strongly Most delighted were we to behold so painted, and ought to be in general use. many of our fair countrywomen here; and to A very pretty and ingenious design of a see ladies in silks and satins enter so lovingly Model Farm," was also exhibited by this into the spirit of the exhibition. Their gentleman. smiles were neither few nor constrained. The "poetical feeling," on which we are always harping, seemed, for the time being at all events, to have taken possession of their hearts. Let us hope we shall be more "habitually natural" ere long; and lay aside, the artificial as being prejudicial to our true character.

We hail the introduction of these poultryshows in London, with much cordiality; and believe they will do real good in every way. They will create a new feeling in society, and they will set certain folk on their mettle to produce "something better than has been yet seen."

As the "list of prizes" has been published in the newspapers, it would be quite de trop to reprint it here.

ANNUAL SHOW OF PIGEONS-
BY THE PHILO-PERISTERON SOCIETY.

THIS Society held their annual show at the Freemasons' Tavern, on the eleventh of January. A more beautiful collection of fancy pigeons never were never could be, brought together in one room.

We trust the taste for fancy pigeons will never be extinct. They are such beautiful, interesting, and engaging little creatures, that they really form one of the principal enjoyments of a country life. Kept, too, as this society keeps them, they awaken all the pleasing associations of early life. We entered the room with delight; we quitted it with regret. Aye, and the remembrance of that room has afforded us many a happy moment since.

HINTS TO AMATEUR GARDENERS.

THE CALENDAR FOR FEBRUARY.

The exhibitors and proprietors (how happy and animated they all looked!) seem well aware of the importance, not only of keeping their birds in fine order and fine IF EITHER FROST OR SNOW should have preplumage, but of showing them off to the best vented the completion of what ought to have advantage. Thus, we had them confined in been done in January, take advantage of the elegant and commodious cages of mahogany, earliest opportunity to make up for the delay. No and placed upon separate tables in the large vacant ground should be left undug until this room. Here they could strut and pace lei- time. Yet is that which produced the main surely about, displaying at the same time crop of Potatoes too often seen throughout the their elegant proportions and general excel-winter, in the same weedy, rough state as left lencies. From the days of our earliest boyhood, pigeons were our delight, our most favorite hobby. No birds are more affec tionate,-none better know who loves them dearly, and cares for their happiness. This "show" was therefore a treat indeed to us. Since we first entered our teens, the race of pigeons has wonderfully improved. Experience has led to the introduction of greater varieties; and their symmetrical proportions are now more carefully studied.

The breeds exhibited on this occasion, embraced all kinds known to the fancy generally; and that, in great variety. We were specially pleased with the Powters of Mr. Butt, majestic, well-bred birds, of rare excellence; the Carriers of Messrs. Esquilant, Ball, and Parkinson; the very choice collection of pigeons from Saxony, and the Toys of Mr. Wicking. Commend us too, most highly, to those mottled, short-faced Almond Tumblers (there were four pairs of these, we believe), in the centre of the room. What

when the crop was taken off! This ought never
to be the case. Should the season be too far
advanced to crop it with winter greens, dig or
ridge it immediately. A great deal more harm
will be done than a short delay will occasion, if
the ground be trod or worked when in a wet
state. Short delays from bad weather are always
readily made up, by taking advantage of the
first favorable interval after. If pruning has
The
been deferred, it should be finished now.
it was not cut in the autumn. Also any trans-
Grape-vine especially should not be delayed, if
Every preparation therefore should be made be-
planting. Next month is a most important one.
forehand. Creepers should not be delayed pru-
ning and training neatly. Drooping flowered
plants should be trained horizontally. Roses
and others, upright; at regular distances, and
spurred in.

VEGETABLES.

BEANS. A main sowing may be made this month of the Early Long-pod, in drills three inches deep and two feet and a half apart; but, as with Peas, detached rows, a good distance from each other, and cropped between, are the best.

Ir is a strange thing, says BACON, that in sea voyages, where there is nothing to be seen but sky and sea, men should make diaries; but in land travel, wherein so much is to be observed, for the most part they omit it, as if chance were fitter to be registered than observation! Let diaries, therefore, be brought into use.--Lord BACON's advice ought to be universally adopted now; nor have we any valid excuse for not adopting it.

PHRENOLOGY FOR THE MILLION.*

No. XXXIX.-PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
BRAIN.

BY F. J. GALL, M.D.

(Continued from page 389, Vol. II. ) LET US NOW PURSUE another very interesting and important inquiry:

DOES SOCIAL LIFE GIVE RISE TO FACTITIOUS

QUALITIES OR FACULTIES

Numberless works contain reveries on the natural state of man, and on the number of good and bad qualities which, as some say, he has acquired, only in social life. In this hypothesis we easily start with the supposition, that man was made for solitude; that he has been led, contrary to his nature, to unite himself with other individuals, to form a family, a tribe, or nation. These new relations, for which he was not designed, have caused to spring up in him all those vices and virtues, of which, in his natural state of insulation, he would for ever have been ignorant.

Let us examine, for some moments, the instinct of sociability in man and in animals.

Some animals lead a solitary life, the male even separated from the female; in other species the male and female remain united. In some species, the parents separate from their young, as soon as these are in a state to provide for their subsistence. In others, the parents and all the race of the year, form a little society till the return of spring, when the young ones seek to form for themselves an independent establishment; and, finally, several species form flocks, and live in common. In some, a single male couples with several females; in others, each male joins for life with his particular mate. All these modes of living have always been invariable, and are, by no means, the result of an arbitrary choice; an evident proof that insulated existence, and social existence, are natural institutions for the different species of animals.

Do not believe, what some naturalists imagine, that it is weakness and the need of mutual succour which brings together certain species in society. While so many powerless insects bring forth and live by themselves, why do the gnats, the ants, the bees, the hornets, live together by thousands? The fox is more feeble than the wolf: but we never see him, like the wolf, associated with several of his comrades: the wren, the mock-bird, the linnet, the nightingale, insu

lated in our groves, charm our ears by their melodious accents; while the bold sparrow, and the babbling rook, assembled by hundreds, deafen us from morning till evening. What advantage do the linnets, or the sheep, derive from their union, when a single hawk, a single dog,

*Under the title of "PHRENOLOGY FOR THE MILLION," we have been reprinting, in English, the Immortal Work of DR. GALL. Thirty-nine papers have already appeared. Of these, thirty-eight will be found in our first and second volumes. The publication will be continued regularly, until completed. We hardly need remark that the observations of DR. GALL possess an imperishable interest, both for young and old. His ideas originate subjects inexhaustible,-all tending to the welfare of mankind.ED., K.J.

can disperse them? Have the headlong boar and the powerful bull more need to lend each other succour, than the timid hare, and the feeble insulated quail?

If it be social life which produces certain faculties, how do you conceive that each of the different species of animals which live in society, enjoys faculties so different, so opposite? How should the mere plurality of individuals produce so many peculiarities, diversities of instincts, pro pensities, and faculties?

Let us penetrate still farther into the mysteries of nature. Each species of animals is destined to fill a void, to accomplish an end in the order of things. As soon as a species was ordained to live in society, it became necessary that all the individuals should be furnished with the qualities necessary to attain this end of the great family. Each individual must be fitted for the whole society. The qualities of each bee, and chamois, and beaver, had to coincide. According as this general end is different, the faculties of the individuals of whom a certain number is destined to form a society, are equally dif ferent. The establishment of sentinels among the bustards; the direction of the herd by the leading chamois; the common labors divided between several individuals among the bees and the ants; the mutual aid which swine and monkeys give each other; the direction of a flock of wild geese, always formed in a triangle in their flight; all these instincts have been given to these animals, at the same time as the social instinct.

It is absolutely the same with the human race. Man has been destined to live in common. No where, and at no period, has man lived alone. As far as we can go back into history, man has been united in families, tribes, and nations; and, consequently, his qualities must have been calculated for society. The phenomena which we witness in whole races, are no more the effect of this union, than those which take place in each man in particular. Always, and every where, the human race has manifested the same propensities and the same talents; always, and every where, there have resulted the same virtues and the same vices, the same employments and the same institutions. There exists no crime against which we cannot find a law in the Bible; calumny, theft, usury, incest, adultery, rape, murder, had already spread over the earth like a torrent. On the other hand, there exists no virtue, no moral precept, which has not been recommended, no faculty relative to human occupations, which has not been more or less exercised. Cain was a laborer; Abel, a shepherd; the children of Jubal played on all sorts of wind and stringed instruments; the children of Tubal Cain were skilful workmen in iron and copper; Nehemiah established regulations of police, &c.

The only changes we remark in the progress of human society, consist in this, that the same propensities, and the same faculties, are exercised on different objects, and produce modified results. The manners, customs, laws, different religious ceremonies of different nations-all rest upon the same basis. Every where, men profess to do and believe what they regard as just and true; every where, they profess to honor a Supreme Being;

every where, there are objects of vanity and glory, marks of honor and disgrace; every where there are masters and servants; all nations make war; men and women are united in all climates, however different their creeds, and the ceremonies of their union; every where, there are mournings for deceased husbands and wives, children, and friends; and every where is their memory honored, whether they embalm their bodies, place their ashes in urns, or place over them mounds or monuments. Sing your lines on the straw, or on the harp; dress your chiefs with feathers or with purple; your women, with flowers or with diamonds; inhabit huts or palaces; it will be still the same faculties which lead man to act within the circle traced for him by his Creator.

But some think to prove that man is born without propensities and without faculties, and that he acquires these faculties merely by social life and by education; by citing the example of some individuals found astray in the woods, who, having received no education, have all the brutality of animals, and appear to be not only deprived of human faculties, but even of those of the least intelligent animals.

selves that he had the sense of hearing; for they could not in our presence render him attentive, either by calling him, nor by sounding a glass behind his ears. His mode of existence is tranquil; his attitude and manner of sitting are decent; it is only remarked that he is constantly balancing the upper part of his body and his head; he salutes by inclining his body to the persons who arrive, and manifests his satisfaction when they depart. The sexual propensity does not seem to be active in him. He knows a few letters, and even points to the objects which the letters designate. In other respects, his favorite occupation is to restore to their former place any articles which have been displaced. Such is the result of the hopes which were formed of him, the efforts which have been made, and the patience and mildness which a benevolent woman has shown towards him. We may pronounce, with confidence, that these labors will never be crowned with any better success.

The wild man found in the forests of Lithuania, who is cited by many authors as an example of the powerful influence of education, was certainly a similar being.

When M. de Tracy, in speaking of men in The objection falls, when we learn that these general, remarks that the individual who has resavages found in the forests are ordinarily miser-ceived education has less resemblance to him who able creatures, of imperfect organisation, as has received none, than an egg to a chicken, or M. Roussel and de Tracy have already remarked. an acorn to an oak, he speaks truth only in The following is the organisation of these pre-relation to these unfortunate beings; but the extended savages: Their heads are found to be perience of all times has proved, that they remain either too large and affected with hydrocephalus, simple, whether they live in forests, or continue in or too small, compressed, and deformed; almost the bosom of their family. The most immoderate always with a scrofulous constitution; the eyes panegyrist of the effects of education, Helvetius, small, sunken, slightly opened upwards, closen is obliged to acknowledge that a favorable orhorizontally; the mouth very large, the lips pen-ganisation is the primary requisite of education. dant, the tongue thick, the neck swollen, the pace staggering and insecure. Their primitive organisation is, therefore, defective; they are real idiots, who can receive no instruction, and no education, and it is this fact which accounts for their being found in woods. As they are a charge to their families, and, as in certain countries the people of the lower classes regard these unhappy beings as bewitched or as changelings, it often happens, that they expose them, or allow them to wander at their will without interference. It has even been remarked, in hospitals, that these deformed beings have a decided propensity for living in forests, and that they always try to escape. They told us at the hospital at Haina, near Marbourg, that some of the idiots whom they kept there made their escape, and that in pursuing them they sometimes found others who had escaped before, and who had nothing more than fragments of clothing. We saw near Augsbourg an insane woman, who had been found in a wood. At Brunswick we were shown a woman completely idiotic; she had been discovered in a wood, lying on her side, with her eyes open, but unable to articulate.

The savage of Aveyron, placed in the deaf and dumb institution at Paris, is not different from those of whom I have just spoken. He is weakminded to a great degree; his forehead is very little enlarged laterally, and very much compressed from above downwards; his eyes are small and greatly sunken, his cerebellum little developed. We are not able to convince our

It is difficult to believe that in our populous regions a well-organised man can wander for a long time as a savage. Should such an individual be found, who has gone astray from childhood, it is impossible that in his state of insulation he should have acquired any knowledge dependent on instruction. But even in this situation, he certainly must have exercised the faculties which belong to him as a man. As soon as such an individual finds himself in the midst of society, he will be seen to develop human dispositions, not only by a prompt imitation of social usages, but by his capacity for instruction. It will not be possible to imagine, as was done in the case of the individuals referred to, that he has adopted the mode of living and the character of wild beasts. Example and instruction will soon change his mode of life; or if there is no change, the subject is an idiot, and education and circumstances can only act upon a man so far as he possesses the necessary dispositions, and is prepared for them by his organisation.

Locke, to demonstrate that the qualities of the mind and soul have an accidental origin in social life, adduces the case of children, who, according to him, still want certain propensities and talents, and are destitute of passions.

If Locke had been for a single day a mother or a nurse of children, he would have seen, in a very little time after their birth, the most evident marks of their passions, or rather of their affections. "It is useful," says Cabanis, "to remark all those passions which succeed each other in so rapid a