Hudson's Bay is included in "Nouvelle France ou Canada; but on James' Bay, between Charleston Island and some islands to the north-west, is the figure "31," referring to the same number in the margin, under which is found the name, "Jamestan, lieu des Anglais."

(13) 1673.—“Carte de la nouvelle découverte... 1672 et 1673.-1673." (MS. Lib. Parl.) This map illustrates the voyage of Marquette and Joliet, on the occasion of their dis covery of the Mississippi, under the commission, in that behalf, of the Governor of Canada. They reached the great river by way of Green Bay and the Wisconsin, and descended it as far as the Arkansas, the return to Lake Michigan being by the Rivers Illinois and Chicagou.

(14) 1673.-Autograph Map of the Mississippi, drawn by Marquette at the time of his voyage. (Fac simile given in Shea's "Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley.")

Shows the Mississippi (here called R. de la Conception) from the Wisconsin to the Arkansas; also the southern and western shores of Lake Superior, and the Missions of Ste. Marie, St. Ignace [Michillimackinac], and Du St. Esprit [Chagouamigon or La Pointe]. On the main shore, opposite İle Royale, is the note, "Chemin aux Assinipoulak* à 120 lieues vers le Nord-Ouest." It evidently refers to the route, by the Pigeon or the Kamanistiquia River, to the country of these Indians.

It seems clear that the French bad, before this time, considerable intercourse and trade with, and a large influence over, this Indian nation. We even find, two years before, in 1671, these Assinipouals, together with the Christinos, Monsonis, and other nations of the North and West, attending before Intendant Talon's sub-delegate, St. Lusson, at St. Mary's of the Falls, and putting themselves, and their countries, under the dominion of France. For some account of this assemblage, see ante, pp. 61-2. The text of the procès verbal of the taking possession is printed in N. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. IX., p. 803.

(15) [1678.]" Novissimæ America descriptio. F. de Witt, Amsteldami."

A line, engraved and coloured, runs from the easterly point of Labrador to the height of land, east of Mistassin, and thence along the same height of land to a point near Lake Nepigon, which is shown as the westerly limit of discovery. A line of dots is thence continued, not coloured, for about 12° westward. North of this line, and running across Hudson's Bay, is the name "Canada," and south of the line, and extending from beyond Lac des Puans, is the name "Nova Francia." These lines may represent either the limit between separate countries, each extending westward indefinitely; or the limits between certain tribes.

(16) [1680.-"Carte d'une grande partie du Canada, depuis Quebec jusq'au fond du Lac Superieur. . . 1680."] (MS. Lib. Parl.)

This date is given in the catalogue, but does not appear on the face of the map, which, however, is evidently referrable to a very early and probably this date. The great lakes are shown. The Kamanistiquia or the Pigeon River is represented, with the inscription "Par cette rivière on va aux Assinepoulacs à 150 lieues vers le NordOuest ou il y a beaucoup de castors;" and the St. Louis R. (that which falls into L. Superior at Fond du Lac) is also represented with the inscription, "Par cette rivière on va au pays des Nadouessiens à 60 lieues au couchant. . . . In reference to these inscriptions, it is well established that the French of Canada had, long before the date of this map, considerable intercourse for the purposes of trade and otherwise, with the Assineboine and the Sioux Indians, and exercised a large influence over them, as mentioned in the note to No. 14. The country of the latter, about the sources of the Mississippi, had even been formally taken possession of, in 1679, on behalf of the Governor of Canada. The map shows establishments at Sault Ste. Marie, Michilimakinak and Green Bay.

(17) [1682.]" Parties les plus occidentales du Canada" by Father "Pierre Kuffieux,* J.," whose signature it bears. (M.S. Lib. Parl.)

This map purports to be founded on the discoveries of Marquette, Joliet, "Dulude," La Salle and Hennepin. Of Du Luth it is stated on the map in a note " qui le premier

a esté chez les Sioux ou Nadouessiou en 1678 et qui a esté proche la source du Mississipi, et qui ensuite vint retiré le P. Louis [Hennepin] qui avait esté fait presonnier chez les Sioux. . . ." Shews the great lakes, the rivers St. Louis, Wisconsin, Illinois and Ohio, and the Mississippi, from a point N. W. of Fond du Lac, to a point below its junction with the Ohio; also the missions "Du Sault," "St. Ignace ou Michilimakina," and "des Postes Outa[ga]mi" [Green Bay].

:

We have found this name variously spelled in the Ottawa Catalogue it is Kaffeix; in the "Notes pour servir a la Cartographie, &c.," it is Raffeix.

(18) 1688.-"Carte de l'Amerique Septentrionale, contenant le pays du Canada ou la Nouvelle France, la Louisiane. . . . Acadie et Ile de Terreneuve.

en l'année 1688.

Par Jean Baptiste Louis Franquelin, Hydrographe du Roi, à Quebec, en Canada." (MS., Lib. Parl.)

This map shews, correctly, the two chief routes of communication between the St. Lawrence and Hudson's Bay (here called Baie du Nord)-that by the Saguenay, Mistassin and Rupert; and that by the Ottawa, Labirinthe, Lake Abitibis and the River Monsony.

From Lac Buade [Red Lake or Leech Lake], situate N. W. of Fond du Lac, a river [the Red River] runs almost due north to Lac des Assinebouels; out of which the River Bourbon or Nelson issues and, passing through Lac des Christeneaux on the way, runs to Hudson's Bay. The two lakes, last mentioned, appear to represent the southerly and northerly parts respectively of Lake Winnipeg. The main branch of the Mississippi (here called Rivière des François ou des Sioux) has its source in the same L. Buade. Forts St. Croix, St. Antoine,† and St. Nicolas (on or near the Upper Mississippi,) St. Louis and Crêvecoeur (on the Illinois), and Chicagou (at the mouth of the river of that name), as also the Missions of the Sault and St. François Xavier [Green Bay], are represented. Fort Abitibis and [Maison] François, on L. Abitibis, and Fort Latourette, on the north shore of Lake Nepigon, are also shewn. The naine "Canada ou Nouvelle France," extends across the country, from the pole to the lakes, and from the western limit of the map to the east coast of Labrador: that country has, therefore, no limits on the north or towards the west.

M. Bellin in his "Remarques sur la Carte," published in 1755, refers to another MS. map of this author as being in the "Depôt des Plans de la Marine" it bears date 1687, and is stated to shew, "to the west of Lake Superior, branches of rivers which communicate with two great lakes, close to each other, which he [Franquelin] names, the one, Lac des Asseniboels, and the other Lac des Cristinaux; and from this last there issues a river by which it discharges itself into Hudson's Bay at Port Nelson (this is the Bourbon River). It is certain that these two great lakes are the same which we to-day call Lac Ouinipigon and Lac Bourbon, § and upon which we have establishments."

This is the Post St Anthony at which Perrot drew up the Procés Verbal of his taking possession of the country of the Upper Mississippi, in the name of the King of France.

This fort was at the junction of the Mississippi and Wisconsin Rivers-east of the former and north of the latter--and was afterwards known as Prairie du Chien (or des Chiens.)

§ The southerly and northerly parts respectively of Lake Winnipeg.

(19) 1688.

"Carte generale de la France Septentrionale conténant la decouverte du pays des Illinois, fait par le Sr. Joliet." It is dedicated to Colbert, and signed by Du Chesneau, the then Intendant of Canada. (MS., Lib. Parl.)

This map shews Hudson's Bay and Straits, the River Nelson, issuing from Lac des Assinebouels, and the River Mississippi, from its mouth to a point west of that lake,— all included in the title.

(20) 1688." Carte de la partie orientale du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France. Par le Pére Coronelli, 1688." (MS., Lib. Parl.)

The part of the Atlantic shewn on this map is named "Mer du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France." ||

This name for the north Atlantic, near the American shores, is frequently to be found in ancient maps. It is sometimes referred to as Mer du Canada simply.

(21) 1688.-" Partie occidentale du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France par le P. Coronelli, . . . corr. et aug. par le Sieur Tillemon. À Paris, chez J. B. Nolin, . . . 1688." The name "Partie du Canada commences, on this map, five degrees west of the Mississippi, on the par. of 47°; "Nouvelle France" commences on the same meridian, in about lat. 41°. Hudson's Bay is included in Canada.

(22) 1689.-["Carte de la partie occidentale du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France, par le Pére Coronelli, 1689."] (MS., Lib. Parl.) This title is in the catalogue, but not on this copy of the map.

This map purports to have special reference to the discoveries of Marquette, Joliet and La Salle. An affluent of the Mississippi issues from Lac Buade, which is situate due west of L. Nepigon; the main stream marked "Fleuve Miss." comes from the N. W., and is joined by that affluent on the parallel of Fond du Lac. The inscription "Partie du Canada ou Nouvelle France" stretches, from beyond the Mississippi, eastward to the St. Lawrence, and extends south as far as the Ohio.

(23) 1690.-"Mondo Nuovo," by Coronelli; in his Atlas, "Venice, 1690."

This map has an engraved line which commences at the most easterly point of Labrador, in lat. 54°, and runs south-westerly, passing close to (and south of) the foot of James' Bay and the mouth of the Albany river (not shewn), and thence westerly to the merid. of Fort Nelson (not shewn), thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico,-leaving the Mississippi and Lago di Nadouessans, (probably intended for Lake of the Woods), to the east. This western line is probably intended to indicate the limit of the most advanced discoveries in that direction, at the time. North of the line, west of the Bay, New South Wales and New North Wales are shown; and east of the Bay "Estotilanda......coperta da Antonio Zeno, nel 1390." The northern part of the Atlantic is named "Mare di Canada, o della N. Francia."

(24) 1690." America Septentrionale" by Coronelli (in the same Atlas).

This map has the same engraved line as the preceding. The name "Canada o Nuova Francia" commences at the Mississippi, north of the Ohio, and ends at the Labrador Coast, and is partly above the line in question, which, therefore, could not be intended as a boundary of Canada on the north. "New South Wales is named, with the memo: "Scoperta dagl'Inglesi." "R. Frenchman" is the river next south-west of the Rupert. East of the Bay are the names Estotilanda o the new Bretaigne et Terra di Labrador," but printed in characters less prominent than "Canada," and apparently included in, and subordinate to that country. This map would appear to be founded, in part, on an English map.

(25) 1692.-" Carte Generale de la Nouvelle France, 1692," designed to shew (inter al.) the situation of the several Missions. (MS. Lib. Parl.)

The sources of the Mississippi are laid down in this map at about the par. of Nepigon Bay, extending over a space of 6 degrees--from about 97° to 103° of west long. Lac des Assinebouels is north of these sources, and between it and them, among the Nadouessans [Sioux], a Mission of the Recollets. In this it accords with the map in Hennepin's book, (English ed.) The lower part of Hudson's Bay is shewn, and is included in New France: that country has no limit on the west,

(26) 1695.-"Carte d'une partie de l'Amerique Septentrionale, tirée des Manuscrits de M. Guill. de l'Isle, où l'on voit son système en 1695, sous les pays située au Nord-Ouest (publiée par M. de l'Isle, Professeur Royale,... 1752.")

This map contains what appears to be the first representation of the idea of "La Mer de l'Ouest," of which such frequent mention is made in French memoirs and documents, in connexion with explorations west of Lake Superior, during the first half of the 18th century. It is here shewn as an inland sea, east of California and north of New Mexico, and the idea may, as here represented, have been founded on the Indian account of the

Great Salt Lake, or of the Mer Vermillion [Gulf of California.] Any subsequent representations of it on maps, place it in or about the position of the Gulf of Georgia. (See further reference to this sea, under dates 1700, 1717, 1746 and 1752, when the idea had taken better shape).

(27) 1696.- Le Canada, ou partie de la Nouvelle France, par H. Jaillot, Paris, 1696, et Amsterdam, chez Ottens.'

Fort Dauphin, and an inscription referring to it, viz.: "Poste François decouvert et occupié par la compagnie qui s'est formée en Canada pour la Baye d'Hudson," are given in MS., but no indication is given as to when this addition was made. It is not all improbable, however, that the French, who at this time, and up to the Treaty of Utrecht, carried on a large trade between Winnipeg and the other Western Lakes, and Hudson's Bay, may have erected Fort Dauphin at this early period, and that Verendrye's Fort of the same name was simply a re-building of it on the same site.

(28) 1699." Amerique Septentrionale par le Sieur Sanson, Georgraphe du Roy, Paris, 1699."

A line, engraved and coloured, which appears to be intended to indicate the southwesterly boundary of Canad, commences on the western limit of the map, and runs southerly, at a considerable distance west of the Mississippi, to the parallel of the confluence of that river with the Ohio, and thence easterly to the English Colonies. The name "Canada ou Nouvelle France' commences at this line, south-west of L. Winnipeg, and terminates at the easterly point of Labrador, and clearly includes Hudson's Bay.

à son Altesse Royal G. de l'Isle, Geographe.. à Paris,

"Canada ou

(29) 1700.-" Mappe Monde, dressée sur les observations, etc. Monseigneur le Duc de Chartres, par. chez l'auteur." Canada includes Hudson's Bay; it has no western limit. The name Nouvelle France," on this map, commences west of the Bourbon [Nelson] R. The sources of the Mississippi are south-west of a lake which occupies nearly the position of L. Winnipeg. The Bourbon River does not issue from, or have on its course any lake.

(30) 1700.-"L'Amerique Septentrionale.

1700."

par G. de l'Isle. A Paris, chez l'auteur.

The name "Canada ou Nouvelle France commences on this map at Lac des Assenipoils [Winnipeg] and runs easterly, on and below the par. of 50°; it includes Hudson's Bay, and all to the north, except "Terres Arctiques;" and, all to the west, to the limit of discovery, viz: beyond the Mississippi and L. Winnipeg; the southern boundary is a line, engraved and coloured, running easterly from the border of New Mexico, on about the par. of 36°. The source of the Mississippi is about 15° west of Lac des Assenipoils. Lac des Assenipoils does not discharge into Hudson's Bay, but into Lake Superior, thus forming a part of the St. Lawrence system. All the forts on Hudson's Bay, and Fort de Bonsecours, on the Mississippi, are shewn.

(31) 1700.-"Carte dressée par M. Guillaume de l'Isle, au commencement de ce siècle, pour servir à ses conjectures sur l'existence de la Mer de l'Ouest. Publiée par Mr. Joseph Nicolas de l'Isle.

1752."*

The "Mer de l'Ouest" is shewn in part-an inland sea, with a strait connecting it with the [Pacific] ocean. "Canada" includes Hudson's Bay and the country westward to the sea: the name commences west of Lake Superior.

"La mer de l'Ouest," so frequently mentioned in French official and other documents, between 1700-1763, was the name given by the French geographers, commencing with William de l'Isle in 1695, to a supposed inland sea near the western coast of America. On the maps, it is represented as connected with the Ocean (Mer du Sud), at first by one passage, and subsequently by two passages or straits. The position of this sea, in the later maps, agrees with that of the Gulf of Georgia (Vancouver's Straits), and the two passages represent, respectively the two entrances to the latter, north and south of Vancouver's Island. The discovery of these passages by some of the early navigators no doubt originated the

idea of such a sea. From a very early period, and particularly after 1700, French explorations, west of the western watershed of Lake Superior, and in the region of the Upper Missouri, were chiefly directed to the discovery of this sea and of the southern ocean. Verendrye, when at the sources of the Missouri, found that he was too far to the south; and he carried on his subsequent operations in the direction of the Saskatchewan, each step in advance being firmly secured by the establishment of a fort and trading post, which formed a basis for his further progress. His immediate successors reached the Rocky Mountains, at whose eastern base they built Fort Jonquière; and there is ground for the belief that they crossed these mountains to the waters of the Fraser or the Columbia, and, following them, beheld, if they did not actually reach, the long-sought-for sea. The cession of Canada put a stop to their further operations, and it was left to British subjects-but still Canadians--to establish for the first time, on the Pacific slope, those permanent establishments, which would undoubtedly have been established at an earlier period by the French explorers, had not the fortunes of war cut short their tenure of the country. The region between the western watershed of Lake Superior and La Mer de l'Ouest from the Missouri on the south to the head waters of the Nelson on the north was called by the French the Post of the Western Sea, or, shortly, La Mer de l'Ouest or d'Ouest. Carver having in his map given the name of "West Bay" to the south-westerly portion of Lake Superior, some writers have erroneously supposed from this circumstance that the name Mer de l'Ouest had reference to Lake Superior.

(32) 1700.-"Partie de la Nouvelle France. . dediée à Monseigneur le Marquis de Seignelay, par Hubert Jaillot. A Paris, 1700."

This map includes Hudson's Bay. "Poste du Sr. de St. Germain," on Lake St. Anne, on the Albany River; "Poste du Sr. Du Luth " on the north shore of L. Nepigon; and a Fort on the south-east shore of L. Nemiscau are marked: the latter with the memo: " Poste pour couper les sauvages par le haut de la Traite de Tadoussac, et les empêcher de descendre à la Bayc de Hudson." Fort Nemiscau, and also some French establishments on Lake Mistassin-all north of the height of land-were within the Royal (French) Domain of Tadoussac; and appear to have been centres of a large trade with the Indians. Fort Nelson is marked "Poste François ;" and Forts Albany, Moose and Rupert, respectively," Anglois," an error, as all the Hudson's Bay forts, with perhaps one exception, were at this time in the hands of the French.

*This post was originally built by Du Luth, in 1684, and continued to be occupied by the French till, it is believed, the conquest of Canada, and certainly till long after the Treaty of Utrecht, in spite of the remonstrances of the Hudson's Bay Company, and even of the English Government. It was far north of the height of land, and within some 100 miles or so of Albany Fort, whose trade it very largely diminished.

+ Otherwise known as Fort Latourette.

(33) 1703.- Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France, par Guillaume de l'Isle, de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, et premier Geographe du Roy. A Paris, chez l'auteur, 1703."

The name "Canada ou Nouvelle France" commences, on this map, south-west of the southern portion of Lac des Assenipoils, and runs easterly, partly to the north of the height of land. It includes Hudson's Bay, and, westward, the whole country as far as shewn, viz., beyond the Mississippi, Lake Winnipeg and the Bourbon [Nelson] River. The sources of the Mississippi are indicated at a point about 5° S. W. of L. Winnipeg. Forts L'Huillier, Le Sueur and des Abitibis, as also French establishments ("Maison Française") on the S. W. shore of L. Mistassin, the north-west shore of L. Abbitibis and at Chagonamigon, are marked. Several engraved lines appear within the limits of Canada, which merely denote boundaries of tribes.

On an original proof copy of this map, now deposited in the Bureau de la Marine, at Paris, there appears, as an autograph addition of the author and his brother, a line marked "Ligne selon le memoire de M. d'Auteuil." This line commences at the entrance to and on the south shore of Hudson's Strait, and runs thence south-westerly (crossing the Rupert River) to about lat. 501; thence due west to a point southwest of Fort St. Louis [Moose Fort]; thence north-westward on a direct course to the parallel of 60°. This appears to be the original of the line which was subsequently incorporated, with more or less variation, in some of the maps of this author, published after the date of the Treaty of Utrecht. It was also, in all probability, the line which the French, at the last extremity, were prepared to concede as the limit between them and the English. M. d'Auteuil was the Procureur-General of Canada, at that time; he was in Paris during the negotiations of the commissaries, 1719, et seq., in frequent consultation with the French commissaries; and his memoirs, which are to be found in the Archives de la Marine et des Colonies, were prepared in