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of by-products. This is especially true in the manufacture of starch and glucose, where oil (262), gum, dextrine, rubber substitutes, germ oil meal, gluten meal, bran and gluten feed (mixture of gluten meal and maize bran) form important byproducts. Distillers' grains are a by-product in the manufacture of alcohol, spirits and whisky and brewers' grains in the manufacture of beer. (466) Both distillers' and brewers' grains usually contain a mixture of several grains, commonly maize, barley and rye. Over twenty million bushels of grain, mostly maize, are used annually in the distilleries of the United States. The annual output of distillers' dried grains exceeds forty thousand tons and is largely exported to Germany for cattle feeding.

"There are quite generally three grades made, one from the distillation of alcohol and spirits, a second from the distillation of bourbon whiskey and a third from that of rye whiskey. The first named is the higher in feeding value, and is most apt to be of even quality, corn being the main, and, sometimes, the only grain used. The other grades vary in their composition in proportion to the relative proportion of corn, rye and malt used in the mashes; the more the corn and the less the smaller grains, the better the grade of the product."1

Gluten feed and distillers' and brewers' grains form accept able foods for milch cows where large percentages of protein are required, and germ oil meal is especially desirable for calves and pigs where higher percentages of ash and fat unaccompanied with fiber are desirable. The by-products of glucose and starch factories are obtained by mechanical processes and the composition of each is rather uniform. The by-products of distilleries and breweries are the result of fermentative processes and may vary considerably in composition. Hominy feed is a by-product in the manufacture of hominy and differs from the original grain principally in containing a larger proportion of hull and embryo. The by-product in the manufacture of "cerealine" breakfast foods is known as cerealine feed.

1 Vt. Rpt. 1903, p. 238.

When the pith is removed for the manufacture of explosives or packing for war vessels, the remainder, which may or may not include also the husks and blades, is ground into a coarse meal and is sold as "the new corn product." The Maryland Station1 found it more digestible than timothy hay, for which it was successfully used as a substitute in feeding horses.

The following table gives analyses of by-products of maize used as food for domestic animals:

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2 XXXX alcohol grains (mostly maize). Vt. Rpt. 1903.

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358. Maize Crop of the World. The production of maize in the world has varied during the years 1898 to 1902, inclusive, from 2,363 million bushels (1901) to 3,183 million bushels (1902) per annum, the average yearly production being 2,747 million bushels, which is slightly less than the production of wheat during the same period.

The following table gives the average annual production for half decade by continents in million bushels:

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Aside from the United States, the most important maize producing countries are Hungary, Roumania, Italy, Russia, Mexico, Argentina and Egypt. Great Britain, Ireland, Germany and the countries farther north do not raise maize, except occasionally as a vegetable, on account of lack of heat and sunshine during the growing season. During the past five years the production of maize has developed more rapidly in Argentina than elsewhere. Argentina appears to have the largest body of undeveloped land adapted to raising maize of any country.

359. Maize in the United States.-One-fifth of the area in improved land, one-third the area in crops of all kinds, except pasture, and one-half the area in cereal crops is devoted to raising maize. In 1899, while thirty-five per cent of the farms in the United States raised wheat, eighty-two per cent raised maize.

The average annual production of maize in the United States for three decades, according to the estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, is given below:

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The estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture make it appear that the average annual production during the ninety decade was only slightly larger than the eighty decade, while the census returns indicate that in 1899 the acreage was thirty-two per cent and the production twenty-six per cent greater than in 1889. The average gross value of an acre of maize has been less during all the decades than that of wheat, though in the decline in value of both crops per acre, that of wheat has been more rapid than maize, which would seem to indicate that maize is relatively increasing in value. While in fifty years the production of wheat has increased six and one-half times, that of maize has increased four and one-half times.

360. Maize Surplus States.-Over one-half of the entire maize crop of the United States is contributed from five States, and over two-thirds from seven States, in the following order: Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Indiana, Ohio.

These seven States are known as the maize surplus States, because they are practically the only States which supply the commercial centers with maize. Notwithstanding the fact that over ninety per cent of the entire crop was limited to twentyone States, outside of these seven surplus States, maize is largely consumed where raised. Other States besides the seven named, therefore, need not be taken into consideration in the commerce of this crop, except as they need more or less from the surplus States for consumption. Although the tendency of maize production is to concentrate in areas affording the greatest natural advantages, and although the seven just named will continue for years to be the surplus States, statistics show that other States that do not make a business of maize raising, notably those on the Atlantic seaboard, are in recent years making greater relative gains in maize production.

361. Center of Maize Production.--During the last half century the center of maize production has moved from southeast

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northward ninety-nine miles. For twenty years the center of maize production has been nearly stationary.

362. Production per Population. The production of maize has increased more rapidly than population during the past fifty years. It is estimated, however, that the number of bushels of maize per capita retained for consumption in the United States was more in the decade 1880-89 than in the succeeding decade,

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