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Hunt's Representative English Prose and Prose Writers. Stevenson's Familiar Studies of Men and Books.--Mrs. Kennard's Life of Mrs. Siddons.Benham's Dictionary of Religion.-Sander's Dictionary of Men and Women of the Nineteenth Cen. tury. Miss Le Row's English as She is Taught.Miss Parry's Life Among the Germans.-Hitch. cock's American State Constitutions.-Mahaffy's The Story of Alexander's Empire.-Brodrick's History of the University of Oxford.-Moberly's The Early Tudors.-Hearn's Some Chinese Ghosts. -Mrs. Jackson's Between Whiles.-Miss Ward's Dante.-Laurence Oliphant's Episodes in a Life of Adventure.-Knox's How to Travel. LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS TOPICS IN JUNE PERIODICALS BOOKS OF THE MONTH

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CREIGHTON'S HISTORY OF THE PAPACY.*

Mr. Creighton's history of the papacy during the Reformation has now reached its fourth volume, and the commencement of the Reformation. His fourth volume ends with the dissolution of the Lateran Council, March 16, 1517, and the author, as is natural, calls attention (p. 235) to the irony of events in "that the Lateran Council should have been

dissolved with promises of peace on the very verge of the greatest outbreak which had ever threatened the organization of the Church." In October of this year Luther nailed his ninety-five theses to the church door at Wittenberg, and a series of events began which make this year one of the turning points in the world's history.

We have no fault to find with an introduc

tion of such dimensions. In a very real point of view, the Reformation may be said to have

* A HISTORY OF THE PAPACY DURING THE PERIOD of THE REFORMATION. BY M. Creighton, M.A., Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge, etc. Vols. III. and IV., 1464-1518. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.

begun with Wyclif and Huss; and although it had been to all appearance wholly suppressed, so much so that we believe the present volume contains no mention of the movement except in the first chapter, in the account of Bohemian affairs at the death of George Podiebrad,-it cannot be doubted that the later and triumphant movement derived some of its strength from the earlier and unsuccessful one. The stream had not dried up, but was running in a subterranean channel, ready to rise again to the surface when the time should be propitious. But even if our definition of the Reformation period does not extend back of the Reformation itself, it yet needs for its understanding a thorough survey of the events and condition of things out of which it grew.

As we have indicated, these two volumes possess a certain unity in the period which they cover. They begin with the death of George Podiebrad, and the apparent collapse of the Hussite movement in Bohemia; they end with the year in which Luther began the Reformation in Germany-an event so obscure as naturally to find no place in the history of the papacy in the year of its occurrence.

This half-century of undisputed supremacy, when one revolt had been suppressed and the other has as yet shown no signs of its approach, is the period of the deepest degradation of the entire history of the papacy. For if it sank as low morally in the tenth century, it did not at that time occupy so high a place in power or in the estimation of men, and its regard of decency so ostentatious. corruptions were neither so rank nor its disIn this period the papacy was completely secularized; this spiritual power no longer made any effort or pretence to raise the world's morality to a higher level, but itself sank consciously to the level of the world: and the world's level at this epoch was that of the worst periods of knowledge and pretence of a higher standard pagan antiquity, still further depraved by the

of conduct.

It is with the name of Alexander VI, that the worst corruptions of this bad period are most completely associated. Mr. Creighton is not, however, unduly severe upon him: nay, he even treats him with more lenity than the Catholic historian Döllinger. The familiar poison intended for his guests, he shows to story of his having died from the effects of

have no foundation. Others of the crimes attributed to him appear also to be unproved. There still remain enough that are unquestioned; and the fact that these were believed shows of what he was deemed capable. But