was originally, in consequence of the enlargement which has been made of the natural openings; and it will therefore be necessary for him ever afterward to wear a truss.-We have next a description of some of the more uncommon varieties of the disease, particularly with respect to the situation of the epigastric artery and the spermatic chord; sometimes, the intestine descends on the inner side of the artery, and at other times behind the chord; in each case, contrary to its usual di.rection.

In the last chapter, the author describes the well-known species of hernia called the congenital; and we have an account of a singular variety, in which the intestine, although lying within the tunica vaginalis, was still included in a proper sac. When this case was observed, it was thought to have been unique but a similar occurrence was described by Mr. Hey of Leeds, a short time previously to the publication of Mr. Cooper's work.

From the report which we have given of this performance, our readers will perceive that it is possessed of first-rate excellence. It unites, indeed, every qualification which can render it of value both to the anatomist and the surgeon; the descriptions are perspicuous, the practical directions are unembarrassed, and the style exhibits a specimen of that ele gant simplicity which is peculiarly appropriate to books of science. Respecting one circumstance, however, we cannot with-hold our objections: we refer to the manner in which the volume is offered to the public. It is printed in very large folio, with magnificent type and paper; from its size, it is inconvenient to read, or to arrange in a library; and it is sold at the large price of two guineas. We have frequently deplored the prevailing taste for fine books, which enhances their price so much as to place them out of the reach of those who would derive most pleasure and profit from them: but we have seldom felt more regret than on the present occasion, when a work, which ought to be in the hands of every surgeon in the kingdom, is rendered inaccessible to the greatest part of the profession. The same remarks may be made on the plates as on the letter-press; they are large, and what would be called splendid; and we have no doubt that they are accurate, so far as the shape and size of the parts are concerned: but, as anatomical engravings, we think that they are very indifferent, since they are labored, heavy, and stiff, and appear to us devoid of character and spirit.

ART.

ART. V. Sermons on Education, on Reflection, on the Greatness of God in the Works of Nature, and in the Government of the World, on Charity, and on various other Topics; from the German of the Rev. George Joachim Zollikofer, Minister of the Reformed Congregation at Leipsic. By the Rev. William Tooke, F. R. S. Svo.

2 Vols. pp. 600 in each. 11. 1s. Boards. Longman and Co. 1806.

No preliminary remarks on the general character and merits

of M. Zollikofer, as a preacher and a writer, are necessary from us on the present occasion. He is already well known to our readers; who will be pleased to hear that these sermons are equally valuable with those which have preceded them from the same pen*, and display a similar intimate acquaintance with human nature. The same nice discrimination and animated devotion, the same good sense and appropriate diction, which prevailed in his former volumes, are also conspicuous in those which are now before us.

Agreeably to the title, several of the sermons treat on particular subjects: those on Education are six in number; those on Reflection, five: the number appropriated to the Consideration of the Greatness of God in the Works of Nature and in the Government of the World is eight; and those on Charity, which conclude the first volume, are twelve. The discourses in the second volume are more miscellaneous, and are thirty-three in number: but the subjects to which the greatest attention is paid are Happiness, and the Holy Communion. This volume is concluded with a delineation of the literary, moral, and religious character of M. Zollikofer, in a letter from M. Christian Garve to a friend at Leipsic.

The Sermons on Education form a regular set of discourses on the subject, and are of great excellence. We are of opi nion that were this part of the work published in a separate form, it would rank highly among the many treatises which have appeared on this topic; and on account of the many rules which it contains for the right formation of young minds, it would be a very useful manual for most persons. In proof of the justice of our commendation, we make the following selection from many passages equally meritorious, from which the reader may judge for himself:

To the general rules prescribed in our former discourse, we will to-day subjoin a few that shall more especially relate to the chief particular virtues to which children and young persons should be trained up by those whose duty it is to form their hearts or their moral characters.

The first of these rules is this: Inure them from their earliest infancy to obedience and submission. He that has not learnt this in his childhood and youth is unhappy for the rest of his life. All of us are occasionally brought into situations where it is necessary for us to submit, where we must comply, if we would not run counter to our duties, or bring harm upon ourselves and others. Either we must avoid human society altogether, renounce all its advantages and pleasures, and take up our abode in the holes of the rock, or the dens of the forest; or we must sacrifice a part of our natural liberty to the security and quiet enjoyment of the rest, subject ourselves to certain restraints, and alternately yield to each other. But how unfit must he be for this, who has, for ten, fifteen, or a greater number of years, unmolestedly followed his own inclinations, who has suffered no opposition, whose wishes for every thing he saw were so many commands uniformly submitted to by the blind indulgence of his parents and tutors, and who now all at once must adopt a quite different course of action! The time is arrived when he must make his entrance into the world. At every step he meets with obstructions. His wishes are scarcely noticed, while he expects to see all men running to fulfil them. They much rather openly oppose his desires and aims. His vanity and arrogance will be offended one while in this manner and then in another; but the disease is too inveterate to admit of a cure. Unfortunate man! Deplorable victim of extreme fondness and indulgence! How often, when once thou comest to reflection, how often wilt thou lament this eruel tenderness! How often wilt thou wish that thy parents, thy preceptors, had exerted their proper authority over thee, and taught thee obedience ! O ye parents, would you spare your children these sighs, these complaints, and the miseries that extort them; inure them to discipline, I say, to discipline, for by precept and exhortation alone you will never succeed; exercise them in obedience and submission. Allow yourselves to be easily prevailed on; frequently go before their requests when they ask for things innocent and good; and shew them by facts how much you have their real satisfaction and their real happiness at heart; but never should they obtain any thing from you by force; never yield to their impetuosity or clamour; let not the tears of stubbornness melt you to an ill-timed compassion. Enjoin them nothing without mature deliberation, without sufficient reason; let the justice, the equity, the indulgence that is due to their age and weakness, be the rule of all your commands; but when once you have delivered them, never think of a repeal, but absolutely insist on the most punctual and unreserved compliance; and let neither headstrong opposition, nor artful flattery, move you to the revocation of them. Beware however of issuing too many, or too different orders at once. You will thereby lay an insupportable yoke on their necks, and in some meature compel them to disobedience; or you will make timid vassals of them, impatiently waiting for the moment when they may misuse their freedom without reproof or observation. Leave therefore to their own option whatever is in itself indifferent and can have no prejudical influence on their morals; and be content sometimes in furnishing them with useful suggestions and reasons by which they

may

may determine for themselves. Imitate herein the great lawgiver of the universe. Consider how much he has left to our free-agency, and how greatly he has thus facilitated our obedience to his commands! The neglect of this rule, my friends, is the principal cause that so few children learn obedience. If we will be always heaping command upon command, and regulating as it were every posture, every word, every look, every motion of the child or the youth by law, we ourselves cannot be attentive to all these commands, and must of necessity pass over many transgressions of our laws in silence; and by this means the rest of our laws and ordinances, even the weightiest of them, lose their force, and disobedience becomes habitual."

The Sermons on the Greatness of God in the Works of Nature, and in the Government of the World, contain many pleasing contemplations on these interesting subjects. In those on the Spring of the Year, we meet with a reference to the general Resurrection, in which, although the thoughts be familiar to pious minds, the author's manner of treating them will be found gratifying:

The renovation and embellishment of the face of the earth, the resuscitation of the life of nature, is a glorious type of the future renovation and perfection of the human race, of the general resurrec tion of the dead to the superior life. Yes, christians, when on some bright vernal day, I perceive all things springing from the earth, rising into light, budding, opening into bloom, pushing upwards; when I behold that which was apparently dead and corrupted, now revived,) arrayed in fresh pomp, inspired with new vigour and rejoicing in its existence: my imagination immediately transports me to that grand and solemn scene which christianity bids us expect at the end of the world; then I figure to myself the final glorious triumph over all that is called death and corruption; then I hear the Son of the Father, who is the resurrection and the life, the lord and judge of men calling to the dead; lo they leave their clay-cold beds and arise from their tombs, lo the sea and the deeps, the air and the earth give up the spoils of man committed to them, lo my brethren, my sisters burst the bonds of death and of corruption, behold them all reanimated and transformed, all immortal, endowed with superior powers, restored in the most perfect state of human nature. What a scene of most astonishing revolutions and transformations! What diversity of life and enjoyment of life, of thoughts never yet conceiv ed and emotions never yet imagined! What a harvest from the sow. ing of all ages, of all the thousands of years that have elapsed since the first to the last of mortals! What a glorious unravelment of all that appears to us now mysterious and incomprehensible in the ways of providence and the fortunes of mankind! And this I then expect with the firmer faith, as all that I see before me leaves me no room to doubt the inexhaustible vital energy of God and his continual superintendance over all his creatures; as I here so distinctly perceive, how glorious the Almighty is, in his care to preserve, to renew, to transmute, to transform, and reinstate all things, even the least and

the meanest, and to conduct them higher from step to step and to bring them nearer to perfection. And in this belief, in this expectation I no longer shudder at the thoughts of the grave, am ready without repining to commit my clay-formed body to its parent earth, and in the mean time gladden myself with the idea, that it will hereafter as assuredly proceed forth of it, reanimated and glorified as assuredly as the Almighty, who cloaths the spring and raises the caterpillar into a winged insect, suffers none of his creatures to perish, and leaves nothing that is capable of life under the dominion of death.'

In the second Volume, the Sermon on the Miseries of a sinful Life thus contrasts the sufferings of a virtuous and a vicious character:

In affairs of momentous concern, how greatly are ye losers, ye thoughtless and disobedient, in comparison of those who lead a truly virtuous, christian course of life! or, which burden is the heaviest, the burden of the law, of a righteous, equitable law, which we readily obey, and the obedience to which is real feli. city; or the burden of a bad conscience and the dread of that punishment which is denounced against its transgressors? Which burden is the heaviest, the burden of unmerited scorn, of a tran sient ridicule; or the burden of inward dissatisfaction with oneself, of secret, continually persecuting reproaches? Which obedience is the easiest, the most honourable, the most comfortable, the obedience which we pay to the commands of God, the benign and gracious father of all, the commands of Jesus Christ, the mightiest, most inagnanimous deliverer and lord; or the obedience which we afford to violent, unbridled, capricious lusts and passions; and to the fickle and often preposterous usages of the world? Which of the two costs more pains and toil, to refrain from a vile, iniquitous action; or, after having committed it and thereby produced much confusion and disorder within and without us, to repair all this and to satisfy oneself and others? Which of the two suffers most, the patient and meek man, who stifs his impetuosity and is always master of his temper, or the angry and resentful who yield to their passions, slavishly follow their impulses, and afterwards, when they come to reflect, are sorry for what they have spoken or done? Which of the two suffers most, the placable man, who must probably use force upon himself to suppre's his teelings, and sincerely to pudon him whom he believes to have injured him, but then, as soon as that is over, has thrown off a grievous load from his heart, and can now again rejoice in God and man; or the vindictive and implacable man, who entertains hatred and malice in his bosom, thereby embitters all the charms of society, whenever he falls himsell, or puts others into a rage, and must be shy alike of God and min? Which of the two suffers most, the wise man who moderates and sets bounds to his appetites, directs them always to the best objects, and then is sure of their gratification; or the slave of sensu ality, who gives them free scope, cherishes them with complacency, and then can so scidom accomplish his desires, is so frequently de