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self and wine could not fail of bringing to his mind the circumstances which he had previously experienced in connection with that liquid ; and hence he recalled the idea of making wine, or tasting wine, or drinking wine; consequently the two terms thus combined he naturally employed to express one of these notions. A similar process takes place with regard to the remaining five combinations, and thus have we in Greek and other languages, verbs diversified by six persons. This extension of the names of things to signify the actions, which those things have been observed to exert, is founded on the law of association; and may be illustrated by a thousand instances in all languages, but in none so remarkably as in the Hebrew. This last, as being among the first, if not the very first language of men, exhibits in the clearest manner, when duly examined, every step which mankind took in the communication of their ideas by means of speech; and its verbs when stripped of the personal pronouns combined with them, appear to be nothing else than the names of things. Be it observed that this doctrine, concerning the origin of verbs, is not a matter of barren speculation; but serves to unfold much order, beauty, and simplicity in the construction of the Greek verbs, and to render their numerous inflexions more perfectly understood, and more easily retained by the learner.'—

Conjugation is the mode in which the personal terminations of verbs are changed to express the several moods and tenses.-In the Greek tongue, there are only three of these modes, the first compre. hends verbs ending in w; the second those in ; the third such as termiuate in pas. The two former, as they convey an active signification, may be called the Active forms, the last, the Passive form.' In treating of the Passive Voice, Mr. Jones thus expresses bimself:

The Passive voice may be derived from the Active by annexing pa in the room of a to the radical verbs. The origin of the passive form may, I conceive, be deduced from the position already laid down; viz. that verbs are the names of things, converted by the association of ideas to signify the actions of those things.

A person having built a house, and wanting a term to convey that operation, would recur either to the materials employed for that purpose, or to the edifice itself. If he were a Saxon, he would derive the desired term from the former; if a Grecian, from the latter; thus he would have said timber I.-oixi(w (aixos εyw) house I. Here the pronoun I connected with the materials or work, and in that case which usually expresses a person in action, represents the speaker as agent in the business. But if the same Grecian had to represent himself, not as an agent, but as one to whom the house belonged, and for whom it was built, he would then have used the pronoun in a different case-oxos por house for me. In this instance, the terms oxo μs house for me, do not now, as before, coalesce as an action with its agent, but as an action with the person to whom it belongs, for whom it is intended, and in whom it terminates. Hence their combination might come to convey the idea, I am housed or am built,-for the auxilary am serves only to assert that built or housed belongs to the pro

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oan preceding it, and to cement their union in the mind as subject and predicate.

"In the same manner, if a To(T) the dative case of ou thou and ha be annexed to the word axas, now converted by this connection into a verb, we shall have aixos, xos to, house for thee, house for him. These combinations, by very slight changes, become -, x-ras, I am built, thou art built, he is built. In the plural number, the pronouns annexed are so much changed as to preserve no resem blance to their original state. In the dual, however, their analogy is preserved pretty free from corruption. Thus day the dative of uw is changed into for, which annexed to the radical verb forms the second and third persons dual; axı-Sov ye or they two are built. The pronoun As we prefixed to boy is abbreviated into sudov, which forms the first person dual, axiomedov we two are built.'

Part III. contains an account of the words which suffer contractions in their several relations; and, by a few simple rules, Mr. J. explains the variations which they undergo, whether nouns or verbs. The chapter on the Greek dialects, as far as it goes, is valuable; and those which follow on the composition of words will prove of great service in acquiring the language.

The Fourth Part contains the Syntax; and on this portion of the volume, which is very considerable, the author appears have bestowed peculiar pains. Here he summonses his various powers, his ingenuity, and his learning, to explain the numerous and anomalous idioms of this copious language; and every diffi culty is confidently opposed, and laboriously explained. He hesitates not, in various instances, to depart from the first authorities, when they are adverse to his opinion; and he particularly treats of the relations of nouns, adjectives, and verbs, in all their varieties of construction, however irregular. The Preposi tions are simplified and decomposed to their original roots, and their various meaning is illustrated with great ingenuity. Adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections, are also decomposed, and thus satisfactorily explained. The last chapter treats of the influence of Association on the Greek language; and many idioms and seeming inaccuracies, which did not come within the rules of Syntax, are enforced and rendered more comprehensible by having recourse to it.

Although we have thus far spoken favourably of this treatise, we must now point out some deficiencies that occurred to us in the examination. We think that the plan is capable, of considerable improvement. In order to give the greater novelty, the author has in many respects departed from the old Grammar, without sufficient cause; an we should have preferred that the many emendations here suggested had been ingrafted on the old, with only the necessary alteration. To

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instance a few particulars; Mr. Jones has deviated from the old division into parts of speech, which should certainly be treated each separately; from the neglect of this easy method we meet with some confusion, and we find adjectives and even participles in the chapter which professes to treat only of, nouns. The other parts of speech are not kept sufficiently distinct; and as to adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections, the student does not obtain any account of them, till he is presumed to be a tolerable scholar by labouring through the Syntax, when he finds them introduced nearly at the end of the book.

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Another material deficiency is the want of adequate examples, particularly of the modes and tenses of the verbs, of which the author seemed conscious at the conclusion of the work, where we find paradigms (tables) of them but they would certainly be of greater benefit to the learner, were they placed in the part in which he treats of the verbs. paradigms of them in the first person singular in each mode and tense, as in other grammars, would be an improvement. Paradigms of the several Dialects, as they affect the terminations of words, are also wanting. The Syntax, as it is, seems very long, and many parts are not very important to a beginner; if these parts, as well as some others, were more frequently confined to the smaller type of the volume, its size would have been lessened, and the self-teaching student would be the better enabled to judge what should first engage his attention. We noted also several inaccuracies, to which probably the author alludes when he says that he discovered some errors, after the printing of the book, and which he promises carefully to correct, should a new edition be wanted.

In his Rules for the Syntax of Verbs, Mr. Jones occasionally refines without sufficient reason. E. G.

Rule XVI. The genitive is often used for the dative, or the dative for the genitive, as the writer is desirous of fixing the attention of his reader upon the source, or upon the instrument or end of the specified action.

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Thus, when Homer says of Hector, Il. viii. 235, he would burn the ships wiTH flaming fire, Neas εμπρήσει τυρι κηλέῳ, he fixes the mind upon fire, as the instrument by which this is done; but when in another place, Il. ix. 242, he writes, Auras de pagos pakejou mugos, that he would burn them FROM fire, he directs the attention backward to fire, as the cause from which their being burnt proceeded.'

If Homer were alive, we suspect that he would say that the grammarian has discovered what the poet never intended to express, for that in both phrases the latter had the same idea.

The account of the Greek prepositions is very ingenious: but in common use they could not have been employed with that precision which Mr. Jones would intimate. In the following passages, Six governs both a genitive and an accusative noun, though in both it signifies the end to which the attention is directed:

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Δια της επιγνώσεως του καλέσαντος ήμας δια δόξης και αρετης, through the knowledge of him who hath called us to glory and virtue-the knowledge of bim being the means, glory and virtue the end, of our calling.

As a signifies the end to which the attention is directed, it governs an accusative noun. Δια την ελπίδα την αποκειμένην εν τοις ουρανοις, with a view to the hope-on account of the hope-which is laid up for you in beaven, Col. i. 5.'

Is not the author's remark on John x. 8. an instance of hypercriticism?

Our Lord having said, that he was the door, adds John x. 8. in reference to some false guides and impostors then living among his opponents, Παντες, όσοι προ εμου ηλθον, κλέπται είδε και ληςαι, all who are come before me (i. e. before the door) are thieves and robbers. Observe, he says are, and not navy were; which shews he meant some persons then living, and perhaps present, when this parable was delivered. Their appearance as deceivers being already made, the verb nado is properly put in the past tense.'

Mr. Jones's account of the formation of the perfect tense, and his subsequent inferences, well merit consideration; and we may extend the same remark to his chapter on the Influence of Association on the Greek Language: which section we hope to see enlarged in a subsequent edition.

When the author apologizes for typographical errors, and other inadvertencies, which will strike the learned reader, are we to class the translation of Rom. xv. 5. among the latter, and that of a passage from Epictetus at p. 334, 5.?

Mr. Jones's method of analyzing the Greek Language is new, and his application of it to the more easy attainment of that tongue is a material improvement. As a book for the use of a tutor in instructing a limited number of pupils, his grammar deserves our recommendation; and were the deficiencies which we have pointed out carefully supplied, it would then, both for the public and the private student, be intitled to a decided preference over others.

In the preface, the author states that, should this work meet with a favourable reception, he intends to publish a Grammar of the Latin Language on the same plan; and also a Treatise on Greek Pro:ody. He moreover intimates that he is employed in collecting materials for a Greek English Lexicon. From the abilities discovered in the production before us, to the consideration of which we have allotted much more space REV. JAN. 1807. E than

than such elementary works can usually demand, we have formed a high opinion of his qualifications for the plans which he here announces; and we shall look forwards with pleasure to his future publications.

ART. VII. The Penance of Hugo, a Vision on the French Revolu tion. In the Manner of Dante. In Four Cantos. Written on Occasion of the Death of Nicola Hugo de Basseville, Envoy from the French Republic at Rome, January 14, 1793. Translated from the original Italian of Vicenzo Monti into En. glish Verse. With two additional Cantos, by the Rev. Henry Boyd, A. M. 12mo. pp. 190. 5s. Boards. Longman and

Co.

IN our notice of Mr. Mathias's Italian Tracts

we adverted in general terms to the nature and spirit of Monti's Poem, which here appears before us in a separate and augmented form, and in an English dress, and of which it may therefore be proper now to speak more circumstantially. It opens at the moment when the spirit of its hero, (if so he may be called,) on its removal to another world, is seized by a minister of the infernal regions, and very seasonably rescued by a guardian angel. From him, Hugo learns that he is destined to enjoy eternal happiness, but not until his native land has expiated the crimes of the revolution in which he had participated; and in the mean while, he is sentenced to contemplate and deplore the scenes of public guilt and misery which must still be exhibited in his devoted country. With this view, his spirit, conducted by the angel, hovers over Marseilles, while the mob were enjoying the spectacle of a victim offered up on the guillotine. The ghost of the murdered man joins Hugo, and informs him that, in the capacity of public executioner, he had been commanded by the mob to insult the image of Christ, by putting a halter round its neck; that he was condemned to death for refusing to perpetrate this act of sacrilege; and that his soul had found grace. The two spirits embrace, and then separate, Hugo continuing his penitential progress, still escorted by his guide. Blood, gibbets, sacrilege, and desolation every where meet their sight; and at length, they reach Paris on the very morning of the execution of Louis:

In that dread moment to the funeral stage
The monarch comes, unmov'd by mortal rage,
And mounts unterrified, and looks around

* See Rev. N. S. Vol. xlviii, p. 13.

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