ORGAN OF THE MORAL QUALITIES

AND

INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES,

AND

THE PLURALITY

OF THE

CEREBRAL ORGANS.

BY FRANÇOIS JOSEPH GALL, M. D.

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH

BY WINSLOW LEWIS, JR., M. D., M. M. S. S.

Entered according to the act of Congress, in the year 1835, by MARSH, CAPEN & LYON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.

CONTENTS.

Page.

13

13

INTRODUCTION

Historical sketch of the study of the structure and functions of the
brain. Importance of such study

SECTION L

The functions of the brain and its parts

General functions of the brain, or organ of the mind,-statement of
the most remarkable opinions as to the seat of the mind, and the
reciprocal action of the mind and body upon each other

Is it worth while, in the present state of physiological knowledge,
to recommence investigation into the organ of the mind?
Functions commonly attributed to the mind or brain

Can the brain be considered as the organ of all the actions of ani-
mal life?

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Reasons, which appear to prove the brain to be the organ of all
sensations and voluntary motions

Objections, and replies

Reasons, which appear to prove that other nervous systems entirely

independent of the brain, can also produce sensations and vol-

untary motion

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Can the brain be considered an exclusiye organ of all the intellec-

tual faculties and moral qualities? Negative proofs

The nervous plexus, ganglia, ganglionic nervous system, cannot be

admitted as the seat of any affection, instinct, moral quality, or

any intellectual faculty whatever

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Neither of the five senses is the seat or organ of any moral or in-

tellectual power whatever

The moral and intellectual powers are neither dependent upon

general organization, nor upon temperament.

The brain is the exclusive organ of the instincts, propensities, sen-

timents, talents, affective, moral qualities and intellectual fac-

ulties

Proof I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

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XI.

XII.

Remarks upon the objections to the doctrine, that the brain is the ex-

clusive organ of the moral qualities and intellectual faculties,

and upon the doubts by which it is opposed.-Refutation of

both objections and doubts

Has not the knowledge necessary to determine accurately the im-

perfections, lesions and diseases of the brain, hitherto been

wanting?

Have individuals, until lately, possessed sufficient knowledge to

form a correct estimate of the influence, upon the intellectual

faculties, of cerebral imperfections, lesions and diseases?

Further researches as to the seat of mania.-New proofs that the

brain is the organ of the moral and intellectual powers

Continuation of doubts and objections to the theory, which pro-

claims the brain to be the organ of the intellectual faculties and

moral qualities.

Cases, in which one, hemisphere of the whole brain was destroyed,

as is pretended without immediately impairing the exercise of

the moral and intellectual faculties

Cases, in which no brain has been found, or rather, where it has

been dissolved or disorganized by an accumulation of water

in the cranium, without affecting the action of the mental facul-

ties

Of brains, supposed to be ossified or petrified, notwithstanding

which, as is pretended, the faculties continued to manifest

their energy perfectly

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SECTION II.

On the means of finding, by the aid of the cerebral state, a measure

of the intellectual faculties and moral qualities

Absolute volume of the brain compared with its functions

Proportion between the volume of the brain and that of the

Proportion between the brain and nerves

Proportion between the brain and spinal marrow

Proportion between the brain and face

Between the brain and neck

Relative proportion of the cerebral parts to each other

Facial line of Camper

Occipital line of Daubenton

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Deductions from different forms of the head

Is there a form of the head, from which the existence of mania or
dementia may be inferred?

Influence of a large or small brain, of a large or small head, on

the manifestation of the moral and intellectual powers

Different degrees of moral and intellectual dispositions, when ne

cerebral mass and the dimensions of the cranium are

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Plurality of the organs of the moral qualities and intellectual fac-

ulties

Opinions as to the difference, not only between the different moral

qualities, but also between the different intellectual faculties, as

to the plurality of the organs, and their seat

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Anatomical proofs of the plurality of the mental organs.

Proof first. The faculties of an animat increase in number with

the increasing complexity of structure in the brain

Second. The analogy betweeen the organization of the brain and

other nervous systems, proves the, brain to be composed of

many organs

Third

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROOFS.

First physiological proof.-In all organized beings, different phenom-

ena suppose different apparatus; consequently, the different

functions of the brain also suppose different organs

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