I am especially indebted to Professor Richard T. Ely, for encouragement, advice, and constructive criticism; and to Professor Frank R. Rutter of Dartmouth College, who has read the manuscript carefully and offered suggestions of the greatest value. I am also under obligation to Professor R. L. Masson of the University of Michigan, Professor E. S. Fullbrook of the University of Nebraska, Mr. Joseph K. Folsom of Dartmouth College, Miss Clara F. Widger of the University of Wisconsin, Mr. Arnold Zurcher of Oberlin College, and many department, bureau, and division officials at Washington, D. C., for assistance by way of criticism or verification either of the manuscript as a whole or of selected chapters. OBERLIN, OHIO, P. S. P. PREFACE TO FISK'S INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL POLICIES AN effort has been made in the present volume to bring together in a form available for students of economics, as well as for general readers, a systematic treatment of the politics of international commerce. Such an effort is beset with many difficulties. In the first place no method of treatment is entirely free from all objections. Again while there is an abundance of literature on some of the topics considered in the following pages, the literature is very meager as regards other topics. As to general works no English books cover the entire field of international commercial politics although some German writers-notably Roscher, Cohn, Lexis, van der Borght, and Grunzel — have treated the subject in a scholarly way. The author wishes to make special acknowledgments to the last named author for frequent use which he has made of his excellent work, System der Handelspolitik. For services rendered he wishes also to express his appreciation to the officers and attendants of the libraries of Congress, University of Illinois, University of Wisconsin, and Wisconsin Historical Society, and to his colleagues, Professors N. A. Weston, M. H. Robinson, and J. W. Garner. Professors Weston and Robinson read the manuscript and their criticisms were invaluable. Professor Garner furnished valuable assistance in the preparation of the last two chapters on navigation policies. The author feels a special debt of gratitude to his former teacher, the editor of Macmillan's "Citizen's Library," both for earlier services in the classroom at the Johns Hopkins University and for reading, re-reading, and revising the manuscript of the present work. CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS, G. M. F. October 8, 1907. CONTENTS Classification of Commerce. - Politics of Com- merce. Political Control of Commerce. General Character of Ancient Commerce. Development of Ancient Commerce. Commercial Policy of the Middle Ages. — Development of Medie- General Character of the Early Modern Period. General Characteristics of Mercantilism. First and Second Phases of Mercantilism. - Third Phase of Mercantilism (The Balance of General Character of Protection. Causes of Growth of Protec- tion. Main Arguments for Protection. -The United States, 1789-1883. The United States, 1890-1899. - The Payne- Aldrich Tariff, 1909. — The Underwood Tariff Act, 1913. Post-War Tariff Situation in the United States. - The Fordney- McCumber Tariff Act, 1922. France. V. EXPORT, TRANSIT, AND IMPORT DUTIES Definition and Development of Customs Duties. tion of Customs Duties. Relative Importance of Export Duties. - Revenue Export Duties. Protective Export Duties. - Tran- sit Duties. — Classification of Import Duties. — Present Impor- VI. PROHIBITIONS AFFECTING INTERNATIONAL TRADE Importance of Trade Prohibitions. — Export Prohibitions. Import Prohibitions for Revenue and Protection. Import Prohi- 74 - Introduction. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ad Valorem Duties. Ad Valorem Duties: Basis of Valuation. -Advantages and Disadvantages of Specific Duties. Specific Duties: Basis of Weight. — Payment of Customs - - - - Interstate - · Contents of the American Tariff Act. The Free List: Unenumerated and Prohibited Articles. - Tariff Enactment and Administration. — Territorial Scope of Tariff Laws. - Revenue Effects of Anticipated Tariff Changes. Tariff Commissions and Tariff Making. — The United States Tariff Commission: Its Establishment; Its New Duties. Tariff Policies and Tariff Systems. The Single-Schedule Tariff System. — The General-and-Conven- tional System.The Maximum-and-Minimum System. - Comparative Advantages of these Systems. Combinations - Direct or Open Export Bounties. — Indirect or Concealed Bounties. Export Bounties and Some of Their Conse- quences. Drawbacks. Free Temporary Importation of Foreign Articles. - Free Reimportation of Unaltered Domes- tic Articles. Miscellaneous Free List Articles. - Internal General Methods of Tariff Administration. Meaning and Zones. Advantages of an American Free Zone System. - |