This court shall be organized by law.

ART. 117. The salaries and pensions of the ministers of religion shall be paid by the state; the sums necessary to meet this expenditure shall be entered annually in the budget.1

TITLE V. THE ARMY

ART. 118. The method of recruiting the army shall be determined by law. The laws shall also regulate the promotion, the rights, and the duties of soldiers.

ART. 119. The army contingent shall be voted annually. The law which fixes it shall remain in force for one year only, unless re-enacted. ART. 120. The organization and the duties of the armed police shall be regulated by law.

ART. 121. No foreign troops shall be admitted into the service of the state, to occupy or to cross its territory except by virtue of law.

ART. 122. There shall be a citizen militia, the organization of which shall be regulated by law.

The officers of all grades, at least as high as that of captain, shall be chosen by the militia, with such exceptions as may be judged necessary for accounts.

ART. 123. The militia shall not be brought into active service, except by virtue of law.

ART. 124. Soldiers shall not be deprived of their grades, honors, or pensions except in the manner prescribed by law.

TITLE VI. GENERAL PROVISIONS

ART. 125. The Belgian nation adopts for its colors red, yellow, and black, and for the coat of arms of the kingdom the Belgian lion, with the motto, "Union Gives Strength."

ART. 126. The city of Brussels is the capital of Belgium and the seat of government.

ART. 127. No oath shall be imposed except by virtue of law. The form of the oath shall also be determined by law.

ART. 128. Every foreigner within the territory of Belgium shall enjoy protection of his person and property, except as otherwise established by law.

ART. 129. No law, ordinance, or regulation of the general, provincial, or communal government shall be obligatory until after having been published in the manner prescribed by law.

ART. 130. The constitution shall not be suspended, either in whole or in part.

1 This clause is interpreted to apply only to the denominations recognized by law in Belgium in 1830; these are the Catholic, Protestant Evangelical, Anglican, and Jewish; almost the whole of the Belgian population is Catholic. No minister is entitled to a salary, (1) if he must receive license from a person practising a profession without legal authorization; (2) if, being a foreigner, he performs the ministerial functions without the permission of the government.

TITLE VII. THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION

ART. 131. The legislative power has the right to declare that a revision of such constitutional provisions as it shall designate is in order. After this declaration the two Houses are ipso facto dissolved.

Two new Houses shall then be summoned, in conformity with Art. 71. These Houses, with the approval of the King, shall then act upon the points submitted for revision.

In this case the Houses shall not deliberate unless at least two-thirds of the members of each are present, and no amendment shall be adopted unless it is supported by at least two-thirds of the votes.

TITLE VIII. TEMPORARY PROVISIONS

ART. 132. For the first choice of a head of the state the first provision of Art. 80 may be neglected.

ART. 133. Foreigners established in Belgium before January 1, 1814, and who continue to reside therein, shall be considered Belgians by birth, upon condition that they declare their intention to take advantage of this provision.

Such declaration shall be made within six months after this constitution goes into effect, if the foreigners are of age, and, if they are minors, within the year after attaining their majority.

This declaration shall be made before the provisional authority of the province where they reside.

It shall be made in person or by an agent having a special and authentic authorization.

ART. 134. Until further provision by law, the House of Representatives shall have discretionary power to accuse a minister, and the Court of Cassation to try him, find the offense, and fix the penalty.

Nevertheless the penalty shall not extend further than removal from office, without prejudice to the cases expressly provided for by the penal laws.

ART. 135. The personnel of the courts shall be maintained as it now exists, until further provision has been made by law.

Such a law shall be enacted during the first legislative session.

ART. 136. A law, passed during the first legislative session, shall provide for the manner of the first nomination of members of the Court of Cassation.1

ART. 137. The fundamental law of August 24, 1815, and the provincial and local statutes are abolished. However, the provincial and local authorities shall retain their powers until a law shall make other provision.

ART. 138. As soon as this constitution goes into effect all laws, decrees, orders, regulations, and other instruments contrary thereto are abrogated.

1 Art. 99 provides for subsequent appointments.

SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISION

ART. 139. The National Congress declares that it is necessary to provide for the following objects, by separate laws and as soon as possible: 1) The press.

2) The organization of the jury.

3) The finances.

4) Provincial and communal organization.

5) The responsibility of ministers and of other officers.

6) The judicial organization.

7) The revision of the pension list.

8) Measures proper to prevent the abuse of cumulative office-holding. 9) The revision of the laws of bankruptcy and of suspension.

10) The organization of the army, the rights of advancement and of retirement, and the military penal code.

11) The revision of the codes.

APPENDIX V

CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN 1

(February 11, 1889)

CHAPTER I. THE EMPEROR

ARTICLE 1. The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of emperors unbroken for ages eternal.

ART. 2. The imperial throne shall be succeeded to by imperial male descendants, according to the provisions of the Imperial House Law.2 ART. 3. The Emperor is sacred and inviolable.

ART. 4. The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present constitution.

ART. 5. The Emperor exercises the legislative power with the consent of the Imperial Diet.

ART. 6. The Emperor gives sanction to laws, and orders them to be promulgated and executed.

ART. 7. The Emperor convokes the Imperial Diet, opens, closes, and prorogues it, and dissolves the House of Representatives.

ART. 8. The Emperor, in consequence of an urgent necessity to maintain public safety or to avert public calamities, issues, when the Imperial Diet is not sitting, imperial ordinances in the place of laws.

Such imperial ordinances are to be laid before the Imperial Diet at its next session, and when the Diet does not approve the said ordinances the government shall declare them to be invalid for the future.

ART. 9. The Emperor issues, or causes to be issued, the ordinances necessary for the carrying out of the laws, or for the maintenance of the public peace and order, and for the promotion of the welfare of the subjects. But no ordinance shall in any way alter any of the existing laws.

ART. 10. The Emperor determines the organization of the different branches of the administration, and the salaries of all civil and military

1 This text has been adopted almost without change from the official English translation issued from Tokyo in 1889; the difficulty of obtaining revision makes it necessary to give this constitution in the untechnical language in which it here appears.

2 By the Imperial House Law the succession is in the male descendants of the Emperor, in accordance with the law of primogeniture; when the Emperor has no descendants the crown goes to the male relative of the nearest collateral male line. [From "Modern Constitutitions," by Walter Fairleigh Dodd, University of Chicago Press.]

officers, and appoints and dismisses the same. Exceptions especially provided for in the present constitution or in other laws shall be in accordance with the respective provisions (bearing thereon).

ART. 11. The Emperor has the supreme command of the army and navy.

ART. 12. The Emperor determines the organization and peace standing of the army and navy.

ART. 13. The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties.

ART. 14. The Emperor proclaims a state of siege.

The conditions and effects of a state of siege shall be determined by law.

ART. 15. The Emperor confers titles of nobility, rank, orders, and other marks of honor.

ART. 16. The Emperor orders amnesty, pardon, commutation of punishment, and rehabilitation.

ART. 17. A regency shall be instituted in conformity with the provisions of the Imperial House Law.

The regent shall exercise the powers appertaining to the Emperor, in his name.

CHAPTER II. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF SUBJECTS

ART. 18. The conditions necessary for being a Japanese subject shall be determined by law.

ART. 19. Japanese subjects may, according to qualifications determined in laws or ordinances, be appointed to civil or military offices equally, and may fill any other public offices.

ART. 20. Japanese subjects are amenable to service in the army or navy, according to the provisions of law.

ART. 21. Japanese subjects are amenable to the duty of paying taxes, according to the provisions of law.

ART. 22. Japanese subjects shall have the liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits of law.

ART. 23. No Japanese subject shall be arrested, detained, tried, or punished unless according to law.

ART. 24. No Japanese subject shall be deprived of his right of being tried by the judges determined by law.

ART. 25. Except in the cases provided for in the law, the house of no Japanese subject shall be entered or searched without his consent. ART. 26. Except in the cases mentioned in the law, the secrecy of the letters of every Japanese subject shall remain inviolable.

ART. 27. The right of property of every Japanese subject shall remain inviolable.

Measures necessary to be taken for the public benefit shall be provided for by law.

ART. 28. Japanese subjects shall, within limits not prejudicial to peace and order, and not antagonistic to their duties as subjects, enjoy freedom of religious belief.

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