"True wit is like the precious stone

Dug from the Indian mine,

Which boasts two various powers in one,

To cut as well as shine."-Swift.

Here "to cut" and "to shine" are in apposition with "two various powers."

66

Note III.-The WHOLE and its PARTS, or a PART, are often found in the same case by apposition; as, "The whole army fled, some one way and some another." They love each other." Here each is in the nominative case in apposition with they, and other is in the objective case. "They helped one an-, other." Here one is in apposition with they, and another is in the objective case.

Note IV.-Two or more substantives in apposition, forming one COMPLEX NAME, or a NAME and TITLE, have a plural termination, and the sign of the possessive annexed to the last of the words; as, "The Miss Smiths;" "the two Mr. Thompsons;" "his brother John's wife;" "John the Baptist's head;" "Benjamin Franklin's life." Instead of the "Miss Smiths," some prefer to annex the sign of the plural to the first word, the "Misses Smith." In some cases we have the sign annexed to both, namely, the "Misses Smiths."

Note V.-When the explanatory term in apposition is complex or long, or when there are more explanatory terms than one, the sign of the possessive is affixed to the first noun; as, "I called at Putnam's, the well-known publisher and bookseller."

When a short explanatory term is subjoined to the name, it matters little to which the sign is applied. Usage is divided. Thus we may say, "I left the parcel at Putnam the Bookseller's," or "at Putnam's the Bookseller." Analogy with those languages in which case-endings abound would lead us to say, "Putnam's the Bookseller's.”

Note VI.-Personal pronouns are sometimes used in apposition for the purpose of identifying the person of a noun; as, "We, the people of the United States, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

Note VII-A proper name is often placed after a common name in apposition; as, The River Danube.

A common is often placed after a proper name in apposition; as, The Mississippi River.

In some cases the preposition intervenes; as, The city of New York.

Note VIII.-Two nouns may come together, though not in apposition, and though neither of them is in the genitive case; as, A sun beam; a sea nymph. These are, in fact, compound terms, and a hyphen should be employed to connect the parts if the substantive does not perform the office of an adjective. Whether the hyphen should be used or not must depend on the accent. Thus we must say Glass'-house if we speak of a house for the manufacture of glass, but we say Gláss hoúse if we speak of a house made of glass. For the use of the hyphen, see § 694.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE IV.

APPOSITION.

RULE IV.—a. The lines are from Cicero, the orator and states

man.

b.

C. S.

Virtue sole survives,

Immortal, never-failing friend to man,

His guide to happiness on high. C. S.

c. They literally fulfilled the spirit of their national motto, E pluribus unum; at home many, abroad one. C. S.

Note I.-a. So short, too, is our life here, a mortal life at best, and so endless is the life on which we enter at death, an immor. tal life, that the consideration may well moderate our sorrow at parting.-HERMAN HOOKER. C. S.

b.

That very law that moulds a tear,

And bids it trickle from its source,

That law preserves the earth a sphere,

And guides the planets in their course.-ROGERS. C. S.

c. Forever honored be this, the place of our fathers' refuge.D. WEBSTER.

C. S.

Note II.—a. The Dutch were formerly in possession of the coasting trade and freight of almost all other leading nations; they were also the bankers for all Europe; advantages by which they gained immense sums. C. S.

b. The mild dignity of Carver and of Bradford; the decision

and soldier-like air and manner of Standish; the devout Brewster, the enterprising Allerton, the general firmness and thoughtfulness of the whole band; their conscious joy for dangers escaped; their high religious faith, full of confidence and anticipation—all of these seem to belong to this place, and to be present on this occasion, to fill us with reverence and admiration.— D. WEBSTER. C. S.

C.

To be resign'd when ills betide,
Patient when favors are denied,

And pleased with favors given;
Dear Chloe, this is wisdom's part,
This is that incense of the heart,
Whose fragrance smells to heaven.

Dr. COTTON. C. S.

Note III-a. The court condemned the criminals, a part of them to suffer death, and a part to transportation. C. S.

b. Two thousand auditors listened, all with admiration, many with enthusiasm, to the eloquent exposition of doctrines intelligible only to the few.--Sir WILLIAM HAMILTON. C. S.

Note IV.-William the Conqueror's victory at the battle of Hastings decided the fate of England. C. S.

Note V.-Information was lodged at the mayor's office, the well-known and energetic magistrate. C. S.

Note VI.-I, Victoria, Queen of England, make my proclamation. C. S.

Note VII.—a. The mountain, Vesuvius, poured forth a torrent of lava from its deep bosom. C. S.

b. The Connecticut River rose higher in the spring of 1854 than it has since the memory of man. C. S.

c. The city of London was known to the ancients by the name of Lugdunum. C. S.

Note VIII.-Besides his practical wisdom, he was well versed in school learning.

C. S.

EXERCISES

PROMISCUOUS

ON NOUNS.

§ 489. In these exercises the pupil is expected,
a. To mention the several nouns in the example.

b. To state whether the example affords an instance of correct syntax or of false.

c. To repeat the rule or note which sanctions or condemns the use of each noun.

1. Bad men they often honor virtue at the bottom of their hearts.

MODEL. Men, virtue, bottom, hearts, are common nouns.

This example affords an instance of false syntax in the use of the noun men without a verb, which is condemned by note third under rule first, "Superfluous nominatives should be avoided in common language."

Virtue is a common noun in the objective case, according to rule third, "A noun depending on the transitive verb is in the objective case."

Bottom is a common noun in the objective case after at, according to note fourth under rule third, "A noun depending on a preposition is in the objective case."

Hearts is parsed like bottom, and depends on the preposition of, as above.

2.

O Caledonia! stern and wild;

Meet nurse for a poetic child!

Land of brown heath and shaggy wood;
Land of the mountain and the flood;

Land of my sires! What mortal hand

Can e'er untie the filial band

That knits me to thy rugged strand!-W. SCOTT.

3. How shall I speak of the old man, the bequeather of the fatal legacy to St. Leon, and his few fatal words, "Friendless, friendless! alone, alone!"

4. Light illumines every thing, the lowly valley as well as the lofty mountain; it fructifies every thing, the humblest herb as well as the lordliest tree.-HARE.

Here valley is in apposition with thing.

5. Thales' answer to the proposed question was not thought so good as Solon's.

6. Whose works are these? They are Cicero's, the most elo quent of men's.

7. The time of William making the experiment at length arrived.

8. The prerogative's extent of England's king is sufficiently ascertained.

CHAPTER III.

SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVE.

§ 490. RULE V.—ADJECTIVES qualify or limit Substantives and words used as Substantives; as, "A wise man ;" "he is good," "many (persons) adopted this opinion."

When the noun to which the adjective belongs is not expressed, it is said to be understood, as in the last example just given. Note I.-Adjectives are used in two ways: first, ATTRIBUTIVELY; as, "A good man died;" second, PREDICATIVELY; as, "He is good." In the first instance, the quality of goodness is Assumed as belonging to the subject of the verb; in the second place, it is Asserted. In the first instance, the adjective good qualifies the Grammatical subject of the proposition; in the second, it constitutes the Predicate of the proposition.

In the proposition a good man is a merciful man, the adjective good qualifies the Grammatical subject of the proposition, and the adjective merciful qualifies the Grammatical predicate of the proposition. The noun and adjective, good man, taken together, as expressing an idea, is the logical subject; and the noun and adjective, merciful man, taken together, is the logical predicate of the proposition. "Nature has made some of you larger and stronger than others."-Nuces Philosophica. Here larger and stronger make a part of the logical predicate. See § 450.

Note II.-Adjectives belong to verbs in the Infinitive mode, which are equivalent to nouns; as, "To see is pleasant;" "to ride is more agreeable than to walk."

In the sentences "to be blind is unfortunate;" "to be wise is desirable," the adjectives blind and wise coalesce with the substantive verb to be, and thus become equivalent, the one to the Greek infinitive TupλúTTev, and the other to the Latin infinitive capere, either of which can supply the place of a noun. The combinations to be blind, to be wise, compared with a simple infinitive, resemble the combination was victorious, in which we have a substantive verb and an adjective, a copula