CHAPTER VI.

UNIVERSITY EXTENSION.

At the close of the year 1892-93 detailed statistical reports concerning university extension courses of lectures were received from 26 institutions. These institutions reported that they had delivered during the year 418 courses, or a total of 3,022 lectures, with an aggregate average attendance of 56,601. The average attendance at 35 courses of lectures was not reported by the institutions concerned. Ten of the courses of lectures were delivered in California, 3 in Colorado, 3 in Connecticut, 2 in Delaware, 119 in Illinois, 15 in Indiana, 3 in Kansas, 3 in Kentucky, 6 in Louisiana, 8 in Maine, 1 in Maryland, 4 in Massachusetts, 6 in Michigan, 6 in Missouri, 21 in New Jersey, 34 in New York, 15 in Ohio, 1 in Oregon, 115 in Pennsylvania, 1 in Virginia, 2 in West Virginia, and 2 in Wyoming. The location of 38 of the centers was not reported.

Two of the courses were on philosophy, 3 on mathematics, 1 on university extension, 6 on education or pedagogy, 23 on art, 48 on political or social science, 50 on natural or physical science, 119 on history, 128 on literature, and the subjects of 38 courses were not reported. The summarized statistics, by institutions, are as follows:

In addition to the courses reported by the above-mentioned institutions, the University of California gave 2 courses of lectures on English, 1 on mathematics, 1 on pedagogy, and 2 on scientific subjects; Napa College, Napa, Cal., gave 1 course of 6 lectures on psychology; Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa, gave 1 course on history; the University of Minnesota gave 3 courses on history and 1 on English literature; Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Mo., gave 1 course of 24 lectures on English literature; Trinity College, Durham, N. C., gave 1 course of 6 lectures; Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa., 1 course of 10 lectures on English literature; and the University of Wisconsin gave 48 courses of 6 lectures each.

Other institutions which are known to offer university extension courses of lectures are as follows: University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.; Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo.; Connecticut Society for the Extension of University Teaching; University of Illinois, Champaign, Ill.; Knox College, Galesburg, Ill.; Lake Forest University, Lake Forest, Ill.; State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Mc.; Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio; Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Baldwin University, Berea, Ohio; Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio; Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio; Denison University, Granville, Ohio; Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio; Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio; Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio; Miami University, Oxford, Ohio; Wittenburg College, Springfield, Ohio; Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio; Otterbein University, Westerville, Ohio; Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio; University of Texas, Austin, Tex., and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.

The number of institutions maintaining summer schools is rapidly increasing. This form of instruction may be considered as another phase of university extension; for, by such means, university instruction and the extensive libraries, laboratories, and museums are rendered available, during the summer months, to teachers and other persons who are not able to attend the regular sessions of universities and colleges. The summer schools usually continue for periods varying from six to twelve weeks.

The universities and colleges offering instruction by means of summer schools are as follows: University of California, Berkeley, Cal.; Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford University, Cal.; Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo.; University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.; University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.; Cook County Summer Normal School, Englewood, Ill.; Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.; Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.; Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.; De Pauw University, Greencastle, Ind.; Ridgeville College, Ridgeville, Ind.; Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa; State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa; Campbell University, Holton, Kans.; Central University, Richmond, Ky.; Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.; Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Clark University, Worcester, Mass.; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Hope College, Holland, Mich.; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.; Cotner University, Bethany, Nebr.; University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr.; Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Keuka College, Keuka College, N. Y.; Columbia College (School of Mines), New York, N. Y.; University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y.; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.; Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio; Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio; Findlay College, Findlay, Ohio; Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio; Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio; Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio; Scio College, Scio, Ohio; Wittenberg College, Springfield, Obio; Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio; University of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pa.; Grove City College, Grove City, Pa.; Volant College, Volant, Pa.; Black Hills College, Hot Springs, S. Dak.; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.; Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., and University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Summer schools not held at universities and colleges, but generally at the seashore or among the mountains, are as follows: Ottawa Chautauqua Assembly, Ottawa,

Kans.; Louisiana Chautauqua, Ruston, La.; Marthas Vineyard Summer Institute,
Cottage City, Mass.; Normal Institute of Vocal Harmony, Lexington, Mass.; North-
field Schools for Bible Study, Northfield, Mass.; Seashore Normal Institute, West
Chop, Mass.; Bay View Summer University, Bay View, Mich.; Seaside Assembly,
Avon-by-the-Sea, N. J.; Long Island Chautauqua and Sumner Schools, Babylon,
N. Y.; Chautauqua Assembly, Chautauqua, N. Y.; Summer School, Cold Spring
Harbor, N. Y.; National Summer School, Glens Falls, N. Y.; Glenmore School for the
Culture Sciences, Keene, N. Y.; Catholic Summer School of America, Plattsburg,
N. Y., summer meetings, Prohibition Park, Staten Island, N. Y.; Central Summer
School, Tully Lake, N. Y.; Lakeside Encampment, Ohio; American Institute of
Instruction, Narragansett Pier, R. I.; Lake Madison Summer School, Lake Madison,
S. Dak,; Mont Eagle Assembly, Mont Eagle, Tenn.; Virginia Summer School of
Methods,
Va.; Monona Lake Assembly,
Wis.

CHAPTER VII.

MEDICAL EDUCATION.1

RAISING THE STANDARD.

Medical education in this country is now making one of the longest strides forward that has occurred in its history. This step is the lengthening of the course to three and four years of eight or nine months, instead of the old course of two years of four or five months. We say this step is now being taken, for while many schools have already lengthened their courses during the last eight years, there are others which have arranged to do so soon, and still others which are certain to follow along afterwards. So the work of higher medical education is still in a progressive state, in that many medical schools have not as yet entered upon their full course of instruction, but it is probable that nearly all of the colleges will have completed this extension during the next four or five years. When they have done so, and one can take a retrospective glance and see that every medical school has added one or two years to its course, and has lengthened the annual session to eight or nine months, the question will naturally arise, What was the moving cause of this extension? Why was it that the medical colleges, which for decades had been contented with a course of two years of four or five months each, began to adopt courses of three or four years of eight or nine months each?

In fact, this question has already been answered by several writers, but the explanations must have come from different standpoints, as they arrive at different conclusions. It is said by some that the Illinois State board of health, of which Dr. John H. Rauch was secretary, was the prime cause, when it announced that no school having a course of less than three years would be considered in good standing and that its graduates could not practice in Illinois without first undergoing an examination. Others say that the medical practice acts adopted in several States during the last five or six years began the work; others attribute it to the resolutions of the American Medical College Association in favor of higher education; others claim that "it was inaugurated by the American Institute of Homeopathy in 1888, when it was ordered that 'After the college sessions of 1890-91 each and all of the homeopathic schools of America will require of their candidates for graduation at least three years of medical study, including three full courses of didactic and clinical instruction of at least six months each.'"

It is probable that many of the leading medical institutions had for some time been in favor of extending the course, but were deterred from fear that their students would leave for competing colleges where less time was required. But when some

By A. Erskine Miller.

2 The Association of American Medical Colleges, at its meeting in San Francisco, June 7, 1894, "Resolved, That students graduating in 1899 or subsequent classes be required to pursue the study of medicine four years and to have attended four annual courses of lectures of not less than six months' duration each."

ED 93-102