132. Debts of a State due to the Enemy and the interest thereon are not confiscable. (Hall, 435; Woolsey, 196; Discussion in the case of the Silesian Loan; Phillimore, III., 148.)

133. Immovable property-lands and houses-of the enemy within the limits of the other belligerents are never confiscated. (Phillimore, III., 148.)

134. Property of the enemy found on the sea or in the ports of the enemy, is confiscable as prize of war-Modified by the Declaration of Paris. (Appendix B. Hall, 435, § 143, and 442, § 146.)

135. Contracts between enemies made before the war.-1. Executed Contracts.-2. Executory Contracts.-Statutes of Limitation.-Interest on Debts.-How affected by war? (1. Hanger v. Abbott, Cases and Op., 270; 2. Griswold v. Waddington, Ib., 274; 3. N. Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Stathem, Ib., 278. See also: Gamba v. Le Mesurier, 4 East., 407; Halleck, I., 481; Walker, 276; Hall, 388; Kent, I., 68.)

136. Effect of war upon treaties between the belligerent States previously existing. (Wheaton (L), 460-477 (D), 352 and note; Hall, 382-387; Phillimore, III., 792-811; Bluntschli, Art. 538; Case of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel v. New Haven, Wheaton's Rep., 494; Heffter, § 122.)

(c) Trade with the Enemy.

137. Trade or Intercourse with the enemy is wholly interdicted; and is in all cases illegal, unless under a license of the State. (1. The Hoop, Cases and Op., 283; 2. Potts v. Bell, Ib., 287. See also: Hall, 387-388; Kent, I., 66-69; Halleck, II., 154-158; Heffter, § 123; Phillimore, III., 116-120; Calvo, §§ 1926-1929; Woolsey, 255; Wheaton (D), §§ 309– 317, and note No. 158.)

138. Licenses to trade.-They must, as a rule, be granted by the Supreme Authority of the State, and must be granted or assented to by both belligerents. (Hall, 553–556; Halleck, II., 364-379; Woolsey, 256.

Case of the Sea Lion,

Cases and Op., 300, gives the practice of the United
States; also Cappell v. Hall, 7 Wall., 542.)

(The

139. After the outbreak of war, a citizen may not go or send to the enemy's country to bring away his property. Rapid, Cases and Op., 288.)

140. Citizens who are residing in the enemy's country, on the outbreak of war should be granted a reasonable time to return with their property to their own country. (1. The St. Lawrence, Cases and Op., 290; 2. The Brig Joseph, Ib., 292; 3. The William Bagalay, Ib., 293; 4. Other cases, Ib., 294 n.)

141. Contracts entered into with enemies during war by citizens residing in the enemy's country. (Kershaw Kelsey, Cases and Op., 295.)

V.

• 142. Bills of exchange drawn by a citizen, while a prisoner in the enemy's country, upon a person in his own country, and sold to an enemy-Is this a trading with the enemy? (Antoine v. Morshead, Cases and Op., 308; and Kent, I., 67; Halleck, I., 481; Wheaton (D), § 317.)

143. Agents-Right to employ agents in the enemy's countryappointed (1) before the war-(2) During the war. (United

States v. Grossmayer, Cases and Op., 298; Filor's case, 9 Wall., 45.)

144. Insurance on ships of the enemy. Cases and Op., 303.)

(Furtado v. Rodgers,

145. Ransom Contracts-Ransom Bill-Safe Conduct-Exception to the rule in respect to trade with the enemy. (1. Cornu v. Blackburn, Cases and Op., 310; 2. The Charming Nancy, Ib., 312; 3. The Patrixent, Ib., 313; 4. Anthon v. Fisher and other cases, Ib., 314, n. See also: Hall, 459-461; Halleck, II., 358-361; Wheaton (D), § 411, and note No. 199; Phillimore, III., 644-647; Woolsey, 245247; Calvo, §§ 2422-2429.)

146. Pacific intercourse of Belligerents-Commercia belli: Flags

of Truce-Truces-Passports-Armistices-Cartels-Capitulations-License to Trade-Ransoms. (Hall, 540-556; Halleck, II., 340-363; Woolsey, 255-260; Bluntschli, Arts. 674-699; Calvo, §§ 2411-2452; Wheaton (D), $$ 399408.)

(d) Commercial Domicil-National Character of Property. 147. The National Character of property, in time of war, depends upon the domicil of the owner-French Rule. (1. The Indian Chief, Cases and Op., 315; 2. The Prize cases, Ib., 334; The Venus, Ib., 319; 4. Le Hardy, Ib., 337.)

How determined

Animus

148. What constitutes Domicilmanendi-Time. (The Harmony, Cases and Op., 326. And see Hall, 498-500; Halleck, I., 360-367; Wheaton (D), 318-332; Phillimore, III., 725–734; Calvo, §§ 19361945.)

149. House of Trade-It takes the National Character of the country in which it is established-Exception: House of trade in a neutral State, and the partners, or some of them, reside in an enemy country. (Hall, 501; Wheaton (D), § 334.)

150. The Product of the Enemy's Soil takes the National Character of the country where it is situated. (Bentzen v. Boyle, Cases and Op., 330; Hall, 502; Wheaton (D), §§ 336339.)

(e) Ownership of Goods in transitu, on the Ocean, in time

of War.

Y 151. In time of war, or in contemplation of war, Goods shipped on contract are at the risk of the Consignee during transit-The French rule permits the shipper to take the risk by agreement. (1. The Packet de Bilboa, Cases and Op., 339; 2. The San Jose Indiano, lb., 342; 3. The Sally, Ib., 344 ; 4. The Anna Catharina, Ib., 346; 5. Les Trois Frères, Ib., 348. See also: Hall, 506, 507; Halleck, II., 128-137; Kent, I., 87; Calvo, §§ 2315-2320; Phillimore, III., 740-745.)

152. Transfer in transitu-Stoppage in transitu-According to the

rule of the English and American Prize Courts, property, in hostile at the time of shipment, cannot change its character during transit by sale to a neutral. (1. The Vrow Margaretha, Cases and Op., 350; 2. The Jan Frederick, Ib., 352; 3. The Ann Green, Ib., 354; 4. The Francis and Cargo, Ib., 355, note. And see: The San Jose Indiano, Ib., 343; Hall, 506; Halleck, II., 136-138; Duer, "On Insurance," I., 441-444; Phillimore, III., 739-740; Calvo, §§ 2321, 2322, dissents from the English and American view.)

153. National character of merchant ships, and their transfer during war from a Belligerent to a Neutral. (Hall, 504505; Halleck, II., 138-144; Phillimore, III., 734–739; Calvo, § 2327-2338.)

154. Proofs of the National Character of merchant ships. (Calvo, $ 2339-2366; Halleck, II., 145-151.)

155. Fishing Boats generally exempt from seizure. (Halleck, II., 151-152; Calvo, § 2368-2373. Does not apply to vessels employed in the Great Fisheries; Hall, 449–451; Woolsey, 303.)

156. Freight in the case of captured vessels. (1. The Vrow Henrica, Cases and Op., 356; 2. The Fortuna, Ib., 357.)

(f) Recapture-Salvage-Postliminium-Rescue.

157. Recapture-Salvage-When does title to recaptured property vest in the Captor? (1. The Santa Cruz, Cases and Op., 358; 2. The Carlotta, Ib., 360. And see: Hall, 493-495 ; Halleck, II.. 524-533; Phillimore, III., 615-643; Wheaton (D), pp. 456-475; Woolsey, 247-252; Creasey, 564; Kent, I., 108-109.)

158. Rescue by Neutrals. (The Emily St. Pierre, Cases and Op., 361; The Love, Ib., 363.)

(g) Enemy Property on Land-Military Occupation. 159. Public Property of the Enemy-Lands, Buildings, Archives, Works of Art-Movable or personal Property. (Mohr and

Haas v. Hatzfeld, Cases and Op., 377. See also: Hall, 416-422; Dana's Wheaton, 438, note; Halleck, II., 97, 102-108, 469-473; Calvo, §§ 2201-2214.)

160. Private property, Real and Personal, as a rule, not confiscable, at least not by way of Booty, though personal property may be taken by way of Contributions and Requisitions-Comparison in respect to the different rule applied to enemy's property at sea and on land. (Wheaton (D), § 335, and note No. 171; Hall, 423 et seq.; Creasey, 536556; Heffter, § 133; Bluntschli, Art. 665; T. J. Lawrence, Essays, No. 1; Halleck, II., 124-128; Calvo, § 2294 et seq.)

161. Requisitions and Contributions in land wars-Will they be resorted to in maritime wars? (Hall, 425-435; Halleck, I., 265, II., 109-119; Calvo, $$ 2231-2255; Bluntschli, Arts. 653-656; Woolsey, 220; Edwards, "The Germans in France"; Sherman's "Memoirs," II., 175, 181-184, 207, 227.)

162. The Bombardment of Towns. (Hall, 534, 535.)

163. Military Occupation-The general character of the Right and Jurisdiction of an Invader over the territory occupied by his armies-Old Theories-Modern View. (Hall, 462– 469; Halleck, II., 444-449; Bluntschli, Arts. 539-541; Calvo, § 2166-2198; Woolsey, 252; Creasey, 502-512.)

164. Relation of the territory occupied to the Government of the Invader-To that of the State invaded. (1. United States v. Rice, Cases and Op., 364; 2. Fleming v. Page, Ib., 365; 3. Cross v. Harrison, lb., 371; 4. Jecker v. Montgomery, Ib., 373; 5. Case of Guerin, Ib., 375; 6. Case of Villasseque, Ib., 380. See also: Halleck, II., 449-461; Hall, 497.)

165. De facto and

Constructive Occupation.-(Hall, 480-485; Halleck, II., 446-449; Creasey, 503; Walker, 344-343.)

166. Rights of the Occupier over the Persons of the territory occupied-"War Rebel." (Hall, 469-476; Halleck, II., 464468; Creasey, 516; Calvo, § 2166 et seq.)