167. Rights of the invader over Incorporeal Things, as Debts, etc. (Occupation of Naples (1495), Cases and Op., 384. See also Hall, 418; Halleck, II., 473-479; Phillimore, III., 832-840.)

(h) Termination of War-Conquest-Cession.

168. What marks the date of the end of a War?.-Treaties of Peace Proclamations in Civil Wars. (1. The Thetis, Cases and Op., 899; 2. The Protector, lb., 391. See also: Hall, 557; Heffter, & 176; Phillimore, III., 770; Calvo, SS 3153-3154.)

169. Effect of Treaties of Peace in settling general rights and obligations of the parties-Effect upon acts done before the war-Upon acts done during the war-Upon acts done subsequently to the treaty of peace. (Hall, 557-565; Phillimore, III., 770-784; Heffter, §§ 179–183; Woolsey, 263-266; Calvo, §§ 3155-3159. Cases The Mentor, Cases and Op., 385; 2. The Nymph, 1b., 386; 3. The Swineherd, Ib., 388.)

170. Postliminium-Uti possidetis-How do they apply to territory? (Hall, 486, 568; Halleck, II., 512–522; Phillimore, III., 616-618; Woolsey, 248-252; Heffter, SS 187-191; Bluntschli, Arts. 515, 727-741;. Calvo, §§ 3150, 3169 et seq.)

171. Conquest- Cession (The Elector of Hesse Cassel, Cases and Op., 381; 2. U. S. v. Moreno, lb., 375; Am. Ins. Co. v. Canter, Ib., 372. And see: Hall, 565-573; Halleck, II., 480 et seq.; Heffter, § 133; Dana's Note to Wheaton, No. 169; Calvo, §§ 2453-2490.)

III. RELATIONS BETWEEN BELLIGERENTS AND NEUTRALS.

(a) A General View of the Relations between Belligerents and Neutrals.

172. Historical Sketch of the Subject. (Hall, 576-594; Halleck, II., 173 et seq.; Woolsey, 266-273; Wheaton (D), $$ 412425; Creasey, 470-482; Heffter, SS 145-148; Phillimore,

(b) Neutral Duties.

173. Neutrals are not to permit their Territory to be used for hostile purposes by either belligerent-Transit of troops— Fitting out hostile expeditions-Capture of vessels in neutral waters. (1. The Anna, Cases and Op., 293; 2. The General Armstrong, Ib., 396; 3. The Perle, Ib., 398; 4. The Ann, Ib., 400; Other cases, lb., 401, note. See also: Hall, 495-612; Halleck, II., 173-181; Phillimore, III., 225-236; Heffter, §§ 146-147; Calvo, § 2615 et seq.; Bluntschli, Art. 749 et seq.)

174. Equipment of vessels of war in neutral territory. (1. U. S. Neutrality Acts, Cases and Op., 402; 2. British Foreign Enlistment Acts, Ib., 403; 3. La Amistad de Rues, Ib., 406; 4. The Santissima Trinidad, Ib., 408; 5. U. S. v. Quincy, Ib., 412; 6. The Meteor, Ib., 418; 7. The Terceira Affair, Ib., 421; 8. The Alabama, 425; 9. The Florida, Ib., 428; 10. The Shenandoah, Tb., 429; 11. The Georgia, Ib., 429; 12. The Sumpter, etc., Ib., 430; 13. The Geneva Award, Ib., 431. See also: Hall, 612620; Halleck, II., 184-195; Dana's Note to Wheaton, No. 215; Walker, 458-502; Phillimore, III., 236 et seq.)

175. Loans of Money to Belligerents. (Hall, 597-599; Bluntschli, Art. 768; Halleck, II., 195; Phillimore, III., 247.) 176. Sale of Munitions of War by a Neutral State. (Sale of Arms to France, Cases and Op., 459; Hall, 599.)

177. Aid to Insurgents-Loans-Munitions of War. (1. De Wütz v. Hendricks, Cases and Op., 438; 2. Thompson v. Powles, Ib., 440; 3. Kennett v. Chambers, lb., 441; 4. U. S. v. Trumbull, Ib., 443; 5. The Salvador, Ib., 455. And see Phillimore, III., 247-250).

(c) Contraband of War.

178. General Law of Contraband. (Hall, 644; Halleck, II., 244 ; Woolsey, 318; Phillimore, III., 338; Wheaton (D), § 476 et seq.)

179. It was formerly the custom to declare by proclamation at the

393

beginning of a war what articles would be considered Contraband. (Proclamation of Charles I., Cases and Op., 462.)

180. Classification of Contraband - Res ancipitis usus Occasional contraband. (1. The Peterhoff, Cases and Op., 465; 2. The Commercen, Ib., 470; 3. Il Volante, Ib., 472; 4. Other cases, lb., 471, note. And see: Hall, 658-668 ; Halleck, II., 251-264; Heffter, § 160; Wheaton (D), § 477-500; Davies, 340-350; Woolsey, 321-329.)

181. Penalty for

carrying contraband Time when penalty attaches-Rule of English and American Courts-French Rule. (1. The Neutralitet, Cases and Op., 474; 2. Seton v. Low, Ib., 475; 3. Ex parte Chavasse, Ib., 476.)

182. Dispatches and Persons as Contraband. (1. The Atalanta, Cases and Op., 477; 2. The Rapid, Ib., 480; 3. The Madison, Ib., 482; 4. The Orozembo, Ib., 483; 5. The Trent, Ib., 486. And see: Hall, 675-686; Halleck, II., 324, note; Woolsey, 335-339; Heffter, § 161 a.)

(d) Blockade.

183. The purpose of Blockade-What is an effective BlockadeNotification-De facto Blockade. (1. The Neptunus, Cases and Op., 490; 2. The Betsy, Ib., 492; 3. The Nancy, Ib., 494; 4. The Ocean, Ib., 495; 5. Other cases, Ib.,496, note. See Hall, 696-714; Halleck, II., 211-225; Woolsey, 342-350; Heffter, §§ 154-156; Wheaton (D), § 511-520.)

184. Penalty for Breach of Blockade-When does the penalty attach ?-French Rule. (The Helen, Cases and Op., 497. And Hall, 715; Woolsey, 350–351.)

(e) Rule of the War of 1756.

185. Neutrals may not engage in a trade during war, from which they were excluded in time of peace. (1. The Immanuel, Cases and Op., 502; 2. The Emanuel, Ib., 504. See also: Hall, 639-642; Halleck, II., 330-339; Woolsey, 339–342; Bluntschli, Art. 800, r.; Phillimore, III., 370-386.)

(f) Continuous Voyages.

186. Colonial Trade, and Coasting Trade-Extension in 1793. (1. The William, William, Cases and Op., 505; Hall, 672;

Woolsey, 355; Phillimore, III., 388.)

187. Applied to the Carriage of Contraband, and the breach of blockade by American Courts. (The Stephen Hart, Cases and Op., 509. See also Hall, 673; Walker, 514, 515, 525; Phillimore, III., 391-403. Extract from the Bermuda, pp. 391-395, from the Peterhoff, pp. 395-396, from Hobbs v. Hemning, pp. 397-403; Bluntschli, Art. 835, r. 5; Calvo, §§ 2762-2766.)

(g) The Right of Search and Capture.

188. The Right of Visit and Search is a belligerent right, to which Neutrals are subject-And resistance in any manner to this right entails condemnation. (The Maria, Cases and Op., 515. And see: Hall, 725-731; Halleck, II., 267, 268, 283-296; Phillimore, III., 522, 544, 550; Woolsey, 358, 361; Calvo, §§ 2939-3003, as to whole subject of Visit and Search; Wheaton (D), $$ 525-528; Heffter, S$ 167-170.)

189. Formalities of the Exercise of the Right of SearchGrounds of Capture-False Documents-Spoliation of Papers. (Hall, 732-741; Halleck, II., 297-299; Phillimore, III., 536.)

190. The Right of Visit and Search in time of peace-Impressment of Seamen-Slave Trade-Protection of Seals-Piracy. (Halleck, II., 268-282; Phillimore, III., 525-529. And see the case of Le Louis, Cases and Op., § 21 c, and p. 518, note; Woolsey, 365-386; The Behring Sea Arbitration, Cases and Op., 521.)

191. The Right to capture Enemy's goods in Neutral vessels, and Neutral goods in Enemy's vessels-" Free ships, free goods "-Declaration of Paris. (Hall, 687-695, 717–723.)

(h) Prize Courts.

192. The Constitution of Prize Courts in different Countries.

(Phillimore, III., 658-665; Lawrence's Wheaton, 960976.)

193. The Principles and Practice of Prize Courts. (Phillimore, III., 666-679.)

194. Decisions of Prize Courts-They are courts of the captors' country. (Decisions of Prize Courts, Cases and Op., 518.)

195. Prize Courts on board ships-Practice of Captain Semmes, of the Alabama. (Cases and Op., 519.)