we learned that the Latin word "Sub" means under, they would be "underdivisions."

M. It is exactly so with the four divisions of the animals. They are not large enough to be called "Kingdoms," so we call them

W. "Sub-kingdoms."
M. Now let us repeat:-
One great division of animals are
alike because they have-

1. An internal skeleton.
2. Red blood.
3. Four limbs:

Such as the Dog, Cow, Horse, Sheep, Lion, Pig, Mouse, Elephant, Mole, Eagle, Herring, Blackbird, Sparrow, Salmon, Toad, Frog, Boy, Lizard, Rabbit, Snake, Bat, Whale, Hedgehog, Eel, &c. &c. &c. They are called BACKBONED, OR VERTE

BRATED ANIMALS.

&c., &c. They are called BRANCHED, OR RADIATED ANIMALS.

Now we will repeat together—

once

more" So that the whole Animal Kingdom may be divided into four sub-kingdoms, viz.:—

1. THE BACKBONED, OR VERTEBRATED SUB-KINGDOM.

2. THE JOINTED, OR ARTICULATED SUB-KINGDOM.

3. THE SOFT-BODIED, OR MOLLUSCOUS SUB-KINGDOM; and,

4. THE BRANCHED, OR RADIATED SUB-KINGDOM.

L. It is a very good thing, mamma, that men have found out the plan on which all the animals are arranged. Now, when I meet an old dog in the street, I know something about him, I know what place he belongs to.

W. Or when you meet a Horse, or a Cow, or a Sheep; but, how many different animals are made on the same plan! What a difference there is between an Elephant and a Mouse, or between a Snake and a Canary-bird, or between a Flat-fish and a Lion! I wonder how they would get on if they had to walk in a row. They must be arranged again, suppose, for they do not make a very orderly class now.

M. Yes, you will find that, after a little time, we shall take one of the sub-kingdoms, and arrange the animals into smaller divisions.

Army of Soldiers and arrange it into Ion. Just as you would take an Regiments; and, then take a regiment,and divide it into companies.

W. Or, just as you would take a sovereign and change it into shillings; and then take a shilling, and change it into pence.

M. No, Willie, that is not a good comparison; because, you have

to

change the shillings, before you arrange them. We shall not have to change the nature of our animals, nor to change their names ; -we shall only arrange them as we find them.

THE ROMANS. CONQUEST OF BRITAIN. W. Now you see, papa, that when Caractacus talked to Cæsar, Cæsar did not like to kill him.

P. No.

W. Well, then, that is just what I have thought-if men would talk to one another, they would not fight so much. If Cæsar had heard that speech before he sent his army here, perhaps he would not have made a war, nor killed any of the Britons.

P. He ought not to have done so, Willie; but let us go on with the History. When Claudius died, there was another Emperor called Nero. He sent more soldiers to try and conquer the Britons. In one part of the island there lived a Queen called Boadicea, and her two daughters. When this poor Queen's husband died, the Romans treated her and her daughters very cruelly. The Britons were so enraged at this cowardly hehaviour, that they rose up, TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND OF THEM, to fight for her. They destroyed the villages and towns, and burned the Roman city called London. Ion. And did they drive away the Romans?

P. No: the Britons tried to, but they were conquered again. In a great battle, the Romans slew eighty thousand of them, and the Queen Boadicea was so broken-hearted that she poisoned herself. Year after year, there was continued fighting, until the time of the Emperor VESPASIAN, when the whole island was subdued. Britain was then governed by the Romans, and it became a province of Rome, iust as India is now a province of Britain.

L. Oh! I am so sorry that they conquered; because they had no right to the Island.

P. I dare say the Britons were

evil and good too. They had more knowledge than the Britons, and, when they came here, they taught the people many things. They showed them how to build large handsome houses, and to plant beautiful gardens. Many of the Roman soldiers were engineers and surveyors. They made hard broad roads through the country, paved them with stone, and placed milestones upon them. These were such famous roads, that some of them have lasted until now- nearly eighteen hundred years!

The Romans also built many large cities, with walls round them, such as York, Bath, and Chester, and in them they made temples, baths, and market-places. They also made schools, where their own children and the little Britons were taught to read and write. They made good laws, better than those of the Druids, so that in about a hundred years there was a great change in the people's manners. Many of the Britons left off painting their bodies, and began to wash themselves and comb their hair, and dress like the Romans. Some who had lived in an agricultural state, instead of dwelling in the fields, had large houses within the walls of the cities. At the markets, they learned to use money, and to get their living by buying and selling.

W. What state would you say they lived in then?

P. We might say, perhaps, that they were now in a civilised state.

They were not called Husbandmen, but MERCHANTS and CITIZENS.

The Romans also taught the people to build castles and stone walls. The Emperor SEVERUS came to Britain; and when he found that the natives of Scotland were very troublesome, he built a great stone wall, with towers on it, to keep them out. If you take your map, and draw a line from Northumberland, where the wall began, to Cumberland, where it ended, you will see that it extended right across the north of England. The Romans lived here, and governed the Britons for nearly 400 years, until the year 430.

Ion. What happened then? P. In the reign of an Emperor called VALENTINIAN THE YOUNGER, the people in Rome, who for a long time had been growing idle and careless, were unable to defend their own city. They were then obliged to send for all the soldiers in Britain to come and help them. So the Romans bid good-bye to the Britons, and left them alone by themselves.

W. Ah! good-bye, old Romans, the Britons are free again!

P. But before we leave them altogether, I want you to recollect the Emperors whom you have heard of, and all the British Chiefs; so we will count up their names, and make another lesson:

Lessons 4 and 5.

8. About 50 years B.C. JULIUS CESAR conquered the Chief CASSIBELAUNUS, and made the Britons pay tribute.

9. About 50 years A.D. the soldiers of CLAUDIUS CESAR conquered CARACTACUS.

10. The soldiers of NERO CESAR conquered QUEEN BOADICEA.

11. The armies of VESPASIAN subdued all the Britons.

12. In the reign of VALENTINIAN THE YOUNGER the Roman soldiers, being wanted at home, departed from the Island, and left the Britons to themselves, A.D. 430.

P. We will call this period of our history "The ROMAN Period," from 50 B.C. to A.D. 430. How long was the Roman Period, Lucy?

L. From 50 B.c. to 430 A.D., nearly 500 years.

MILK.

W. I do not think we need have a lesson on milk, mamma. We know everything about it.

W. I think you have made a mistake,-let me hear all that you can tell me.

Ion. It is white, and opaque. Lucy. It flows about-so it is fluid. And, it will form a drop, so it is liquid. Ion. And, there is a quality in milk which makes it good to use with our tea. It takes away the rough, hard taste which tea has-it gives it a softer taste.

W. Just as oil softens the vinegar, when papa mixes them together with his salad.

M. Because the milk softens your tea or coffee, you may call it emollient. This name is made from the Latin word, "mollis," which means soft.

L. I will try and remember it"Milk is EMOLLIENT." So is pomatum -it softens my hair when I use it.

W. And, if you drink plenty of milk it will make you fat-nourish you. What do you call anything that nourishes you, mamma?

M. First, tell me some other things which will nourish you?

L. Bread and butter, beef and

mutton.

M. All such things, because they nourish you, are called nutritious.

Ada. I think that plum-pudding is "nutritious."

Ion. Ah, Ada! that is because you think it is nice, I suppose; but, if you eat much plum-pudding, it will do more than nourish you it will make you ill.

W. So do tarts-they nourish you a little, and then make you ill. Mamma, what do you call nutritious things which will make you ill? M. We say they are unwhole

some."

66

W. Oh yes. I have often heard that word-but you may drink plenty of milk, and it will not hurt you. So milk must be wholesome.

M. Tell me some other substances which are nutritious, and not whole

some.

L. Cake, custards, and sugar, and many things which we eat after dinner, sometimes.

M. Now mention something which is wholesome, but not nutritious.

W. I know of something; Water is very wholesome, but I do not think that it will nourish you.

Ion. And so is fresh air,—that is very wholesome.

L. I have thought of some more which are not nutritious:-Beer, gin, wine, tea, and coffee; we could not live on them.

M. Certainly they are not nutritious, nor wholesome either:-they are stimulating. You shall understand the word "stimulating," some day.

M. Now tell me of some liquids which are both wholesome and nutritions.

W. Broth is, and soup.

Ion. And so is gruel.

L. And pea-soup, arrowroot, barley-water; and toast-and-water is rather nutritious, I suppose?

M. Not very-but I can see a difference between these liquids, and the liquid milk. How is milk made?

W. That is a very hard question; because, if we were to mix a hundred things together, we could not make milk. We get it from a cow,-and I don't think that she knows much about it.

M. And what sort of a cow do you get gruel, and barley-water from?

Ion. Why, from no cows at all;— you get them from the kitchen; and, I suppose that the cook makes them there.

W. I see the difference you mean,

mamma. Such things have to be made first, and the milk is just as we find it in nature.

L. And things which are used just as we find them in nature, are called natural.

W. Beef is natural, but bread is not, because you have to alter itmake it, I mean. An apple is natural, so are all fruits;-but if you were to mix a little water with the milk, then it would not be a natural substance any longer, I suppose?

M. No, it would be milk-andwater then.

L. And water is not natural when you put burnt toast in it-it becomes "toast-and-water."

M. Then we will remember about milk, that it is a natural liquid, which is nutritious, and wholesome, Let us stop to think of this. What very different qualities you sometimes find out in objects! Now, you may be almost sure that there is some reason why these things have such qualities. There are many solid things which are nutritious and wholesome,why should God have made a liquid with these qualities?

W. I do not know. I could live without milk. I like solid things.

M. Yes. Bat, about nine years ago, if I had given you a nice solid piece of meat, and a crust of breadand-cheese after it—would you have said that you liked solid things?

I

W. No, for I hadn't any teeth. suppose I lived on liquids thenuntil I was promoted to "tops and bottoms;" now I understand why milk has these qualities. Here are the

reasons

If it had not been liquid, I could not have swallowed it.

If it had not been nutritious, it would not have kept me alive. And if it had been unwholesome, I should have been ill every day. How I should have cried!

lon. And, I see another quality now, which God has put in it, to make it fit for babies. It is nice. Ah! if it had not been nice, Willie! what should we have done?

M. And, do you never think how wonderfully the great God makes all things? You see, he can make all kinds of qualities, very different from each other; and, in all the good things he makes, he knows which are the best qualities to make them useful.

Ion. How much God must have thought, mamma, when he made the world! and what curious qualities he has made in some of the trees and plants! What do you call the quality in Senna-leaves, which makes them good for medicine? and the quality in linseed which makes it good for a cold?

M. It would be rather difficult to make proper names for all the different qualities we find. Besides, it would take up too much time now. Suppose you count up the qualities you have observed in the milk.

W. I will, mamma. MILK is white, opaque, fluid, liquid, emollient, nutritious, and wholesome. And now for its "history;" that will be very short "Milk comes from the COW -that is all, I suppose?

M. No, that is not all. What does the cow have milk for?

L. To feed us, and its young calf. M. But other animals have milk? Ion. Yes. The goat, the ass. Sheep have, for I saw the young lambs helping themselves.

Ada. And puss gives her kittens some milk.

M. And many more animals have milk,-Lions, Elephants, Wolves, Foxes, Whales,-it is given to them so that they may feed their young. Some animals, however, have not any.

W. No. Birds have not-the