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EHLITE

135

EKE

Enlite (ālīt), n. In mineral, a mineral of seventh.-2. Consisting of one of eight equal Sir T. Browne.---2. The uttering of a short, the copper family, of a green colour and parts into which anything has been divided. sudden exclamation or prayer; or the exclapearly lustre. It is a hydrated phosphate Eighth (átth), n. i. The quotient of unity mation or prayer uttered. of copper, and sometimes contains vana- divided by eight; one of eight equal parts. Which prayers of our Saviour, Mat. xxvi. 39, and dium

2. In music, (a) an interval composed of five others of like brevity, are properly such as we call Ehretia (e-rēt'i-a), n. [From G. D. Ehret, a tones and two semitones; an octave. (6) The

ejaculations.

South. famous botanical artist of last century.) A eighth note of the diatonic scale.

Ejaculator (e-jak'ü-lat-er), n. A muscle of genus of trees or shrubs, nat. order Boragi. Eighthly (atth'li), adv. In the eighth place. the penis which effects the emission of naceæ, containing about fifty species, natives Eightieth (āt'i-eth), a. (From eighty. ] the spermatic fluid. of the warmer regions of the globe. They 1. Next in order to the seventy-ninth. -- 2.Con- Ejaculatory (e-jak’ū-la-to-ri), a. 1. Suddenly have simple leaves and smallish white sisting of one of eighty equal parts into darted out; uttered in short sentences. flowers. which anything is divided.

The Church hath at all times used prayers of all Eident (V'dent), a. Diligent; careful; atten- Eightieth (āti-eth), n. The quotient of variety, long and short, ejaculatory, determined, and tive. (Scotch.]

solemn. unity divided by eighty; one of eighty

Fer. Taylor. Eider, Eider-duck (i'der, i'der-duk), n. equal parts.

2. † Sudden; hasty. Ejaculatory repent(A Scandinavian name; Icel. ædr, Sw. eider, Eightscore (āt'skor), a. or n. (Eight and ances, that take us by fits and starts.' an eider, an eider-duck; Dan. ederfugl, lit. score.) Eight times twenty; a hundred and

L'Estrange. -3. Casting; throwing out. eider-fowl; G. eidergans, the duck that bears sixty.

“Seminal vessels, both preparatory and such plumage.) A species of duck, Soma- Eighty (āt'i), a. Eight times ten; fourscore. ejaculatory.' Smith.

Eighty (āt'i), n. 1. The number containing Eject. (ē-jekt), v.t. [L. ejicio, ejectum-e,

eight times ten. -2. A symbol representing and jacio, to throw.] 1. To throw out; to eighty units, as 80 or lxxx.

cast forth; to thrust out; to discharge; as, Eigne (a'ne), a. (From 0. Fr. aisné, also to eject a person from a room.. 'Eyes ejectainsné; Pr. annatz; from L. ante, before, and ing flame. Brooke.-2. To drive away; to natus, born.] 1. Eldest; an epithet used in throw aside as useless; to expel violently law to denote the eldest son; as, bastard or with shame or disgrace, as being wortheigne.-2. Unalienable; entailed; belonging less, disagreeable, or offensive; as, to eject to the eldest son.

words from a language. Eik (ēk), n. (See EKE.) An addition; as, an

We are peremptory to dispatch eik to Jamieson's Dictionary of the Scottish

This viperous traitor; to cject him hence
Were but our danger.

Shak.
Language. (Scotch.)

3. To dismiss, as from office, occupancy, or Eikon (ikon), n. [Gr.) A likeness; an im

ownership; to turn out; as, to eject a clergyage; a statue. Eild (eld), n. Old age; decrepitude. [Old

man from a benefice; to eject a tenant. English and Scotch. ]

The French king was again ejected when our king submitted to the Church.

Dryden. Eider-duck (Somateria mollissima).

And tho' wi' crazy cild I'm sair forfairn,
I'll be a brig, when ye're a shapeless cairn. Burns.

Ejection (ē-jek'shon), n. (L. ejectio, from

ejicio. See EJECT.) The act of ejecting or teria mollissima. It is about twice the Eilding (eld'ing), n. (See ELDING.) Fuel.

[Scotch.) size of the common duck, and frequents

state of being ejected; dismissal; disposses

sion; expulsion; rejection. 'Our first parent solitary rocky shores and islands. In Aye ... and ye'll be wanting cilding now, or Greenland and Iceland these birds occur something to pitt ower the winter. Sir W. Scott.

after his ejection out of paradise.' Bp. Hal.

Some of these alterations are only the ejection of a in great numbers; they also breed on the Eire (ar). Same as Eyre. Chaucer.

word for one that appeared to him more elegant or Scottish coasts, especially on the Western Eirenarch (ī'ren-ark), n. [Gr. eirēnē, peace, more intelligible.

Johnson. Islands. The down of the eider-duck is and archon, magistrate.] In Greek antiq.

---Action of ejection and intrusion, in Scots much valued, from its superior warmth, a magistrate to whom the keeping of the

law, an action brought when lands or lightness, and elasticity. The king eider peace was intrusted.

houses are violently taken possession of by (Somateria spectabilis) is another species Eirie (e'ri), n. Same as Aerie.

another, for the purpose of recovering posresembling the preceding, and inhabiting Eisel,t n. [A. Sax. eisile.] Vinegar. 'Eisell

session with damages and violent profits.the same coasts. strong and egre. Chaucer.

Letters of ejection, in Scots law, letters unEider-down (i'dér-doun), n. Down or soft Eisenrahm (i'zen-räm), n. [G., iron-cream.]

der the royal signet, authorizing the sheriff feathers of the eider-duck. The German name for hematite.

to eject a tenant or other possessor of land Eidograph (i'do-graf), n. (Gr. eidos, like- Eisteddfod (i-sterH - vöd'), n. [W., a sit

who had been decreed to remove, and who ness, and graphó, to write.) An instrument ting, an assembly, as of magistrates, &c.]

had disobeyed a charge to remove, proceedfor copying designs, reduced or enlarged A meeting; an assembly or session of bards in any proportion, within certain limits. and minstrels held in Wales in ancient Ejectment (e-jekt'ment), n.

ing on letters of horning on the decree.

Lit. a casting Eidolon (i-do'lon), n. (Gr. eidolon, from times. These meetings were revived by the

out; a dispossession. -Action of ejectment, eidos, that which is seen, likeness.) A like- Tudor sovereigns, and annual meetings for

in law, a possessory action, wherein the title ness, image, or representation; a shade or the recitation of prize poems and perform

to lands and tenements may be tried and spectre; an apparition. Poe. ances on the harp are now held under this

the possession recovered, in all cases where Eidouranion (i-dou-rā'ni-on), n. [Gr. eidos,

the party claiming has a right of entry. It form, and ouranios, heavenly.] . A repre- Either(ē'Thér or i'rHer; the former is more in

is commenced by a writ, addressed to the sentation of the heavens.

accordance with analogy), a. or pron. (A. Sax. tenant in possession and all entitled to Eigh (ā), an exclam. expressive of sudden ægther; contracted from æghiæther, com

defend the possession, bearing that the delight or of surprise. See EH. pounded of a=aye, the common augment ge,

plaintiff lays claim to the property in quesEight (át), a. (A. Sax. eahta, ehta. Cog. and hwæther; comp. ægruoha, everywho, who

tion, and calling upon all interested to apSc. aucht; G. and D. acht; Dan. aatte; L. ever, ægwhær, everywhere, &c.; ther is the

pear within a certain time to defend their octo; Gr. okto; Ir. and Gael, achd; Corn. comparative suffix. See EACH, WHETHER.] eath; Lith, asztúni; Skr. ashtan, ashtau.] 1. One or the other; one of two things; as,

right, failing which the tenant in possession

will be ejected. See under CASUAL One of the cardinal numeral adjectives. give me either of those two oranges.

Ejector (ē-jekt'ér), n. One who or that which Eight (ät), n. 1. One of the cardinal num

Lepidus flatters both,

ejects; specifically, in law, one who ejects bers. -2. A symbol representing eight units,

or both is flattered; but he neither loves, as 8 or viii.-3. A curved outline in the

Nor either cares for him.

Shak.

or dispossesses another of his land.

Ejoo (e'jo), n. See GOMUTI. shape of the figure 8, as cut or traced by 2. Each of two; the one and the other; both. skaters on the ice, &c. "On either side of the river.' Rev. xxii. 2.

Ejulation (ej-Ü-lā'shon), n. [L. ejulatio, from

ejulo, to cry, to yell, to wail.] Outcry; a Tired out With cutting cights that day upon the pond.

The king of Israel and Jehoshaphat sat either of wailing; a loud cry expressive of grief or them on his throne.

2 Chr. xviii. 9. Tennyson.

pain; mourning; lamentation. Eightt (át), n. An ait (which see).

The pastor was made to take his seat before the altar, with his two sacristans, one on either side.

Instead of hymns and praises, he breaks out into

ejulations and effeminate wailings. Dr. H. More, Eight-day (āt dā), 2. That goes for eight Either (C'Thér or i'Ther), conj. A disjunctive Eke (ek), v.t. pret. & pp. eked; ppr. eking, days; as, an eight-day clock. Eighteen (ät'ěn), a. Eight and ten, one

conjunction always used as correlative to (A. Sax. eåcian, to add, to eke, eac, also. Cog. more than seventeen, or twice nine.

and preceding or. It is placed before the G. auch, also: L. augeo, Gr. auxano, to inEighteen (at'ên), n. 1. The sum of ten and first of two or more alternatives, or being crease. ) 1.7 To increase; to enlarge; to eight; the number greater by one than

placed before the second or succeeding al- lengthen; to protract; to prolong. To eke seventeen.-2. A symbol representing eighternatives.

my pain.' Spenser. -2. To add to; to supteen units, as 18 or xviii.

Either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a ply what is wanted; to enlarge by addition: Eighteenmo (āt'ēn-mo), n. (A compound of

journey, or perhaps he sleepeth. 1 Ki. xviii. 27. sometimes with out; as, to eke or eke out a the English eighteen and the Latin ablative Ejaculate (ē-jak'ü-lát), v. t. pret. & pp. ejacu

piece of cloth; to eke out a performance. ordinal termination mo.] The size of a book lated; ppr. ejaculating: [L. ejaculor, ejacu

The storehouse of his powerful wit in which a sheet is folded into eighteen latus, from, e, out, and jaculor, to throw or

He daily ekes, and brings to excellence. Spenser. leaves. Written often 18mo. dart, from jaculum, a dart, from jacio, to

He cked out by his wits an income of barely fifty

Macaulay. Eighteenth (it'énth), a. 1. Next in order

pounds. throw.) 1. † To throw out; to cast; to shoot; after the seventeenth.-2. Noting one of to dart. "Rays ejaculated thence." Black Eke (ēk), adv. [A. Sax. eâc. Cog. G. auch, D. eighteen equal parts into which anything more.-2. To throw out, as an exclamation;

ook, Sw. och, Dan. og, and. See EKE, 0.1.) has been divided.

to utter suddenly and briefly: generally ap- Also; likewise; in addition. Eighteenth (āt'ēnth), n. 1. The quotient of plied to a cry for mercy or a prayer.

'Twill be prodigious hard to prove unity divided by eighteen; an eighteenth Ejaculate (e-jak'ü-lāt), v.i. To utter ejacu

That this is eke the throne of love. Prior. part. -2. In music, an interval comprehend- lations; to make brief and sudden exclama- [This word is nearly obsolete, its use being ing two octaves and a fourth.

tions. Ejaculating to himself.' Sir W. almost restricted now to poetry of the Eight-foil (āt'foil), n. (Formed on type of Scott. (Rare.)

familiar and ludicrous kind, and rhetorical trefoil. ] In her, a grass that has eight leaves. Ejaculation (ē-jak'ü-lā"shon), n.. 1.7 The pieces.] Eightfold (åtföld), a. Eight times the num- act of throwing or darting out with a sud- Eke (ék), n. Something added to another; ber or quantity

den force and rapid flight; as, the ejacula- specifically, a short wooden cylinder on Eighth (ätth), a. 1. Next in order after the tion of light. The vessels of ejaculation.' which a bee-hive is placed to increase its

name.

EKING

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ELASTIC

capacity when the bees have filled it full of ing fifty species, natives of India and Aus- Elaphine (el’a-fin), a. In zool. relating to comb. [Scotch.)

tralia and the isles between. They have or resembling the stag. Eking (ēk'ing), n. 1. The act of adding.--- simple leaves and racemes of small flowers. Elaphomyces (el-a-fo'mi-sēz), n. (Gr. ela2. That which is added; specifically, in The fruit is oblong or globose, with a rough- phux, a stag, and mykės, a mushroom.] A ship-building, (a) a piece of wood fitted to shelled nut, surrounded by a fleshy pulp, genus of underground fungi, allied to truffles, make good a deficiency in length, as the which is used in curries or pickled like but differing from them in having the interior end of a knee and the like. () The carved olives.

of the fungus completely converted into a work under the lower part of the quarter- Elæococca (e-le'o-kok'ka), n. [Gr. elaion, mass of dusty sporidia from the absorption

piece, at the aft pa of the quarter-gallery. olive-oil, and kokkos, a berry) A genus of of the asci. They were once regarded as E lat (e la), n. In music, applied originally euphorbiaceous plants, the seeds of some aphrodisiac, and are still sold by herbalists to the highest note in the scale of Guido; of which yield valuable oil. The Japanese under the name of lycoperdon nuts. hence, often used by the old dramatists to use the oil of E. verrucosa for food, while Elapidæ (e-lap'i-de), n. pl. A family of design the extreme of any quality, but espe- in the Mauritius, where it also grows, its oil venomous serpents, the members of which cially any extravagant or hyperbolical say- is used for burning. The Chinese use the are found in Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, ing oil of E. vernicia in painting.

and tropical America. The colours of many Elaborate (ē-lab'o-rāt), v.t. pret. & pp. elab. Elæodendron (el-e'o-den'dron), n. (Gr. of the species are bright and beautiful, and orated; ppr. elaborating. (L. elaboro, elab- cla ia, the olive, and dendron, tree.) A some reach the length of 10 feet. In many oratum, to work out e, out, and laboro, to genus of plants, nat, order Celastraceae. of the species there are no teeth except the labour, from labor, labour.] 1. To produce The species are small trees, with opposite, grooved poison-fangs. They prey chiefly on with labour.

entire, glabrous leaves. E. glaucunt is a reptiles and generally live in forests or They in full joy elahorate a sigh. Young native of Ceylon and Coromandel, and is luxuriant meadow's. It includes the genera 2. To improve or refine by successive operaknown by the name of Ceylon tea.

Bungarus, Cobra, and Elaps. tions of nature or art; to work out with

Elæolite (el-e'o-lit), n. (Gr. elaion, olive. Elapidation (e-lap'id-a"shon), n. (L. elapido, great care; to work out fully or perfectly;

oil, and lithos, a stone.) A coarse massive to clear from stones-(, out, and lapis, a as, the heat of the sun elaborates the juices

variety of nepheline, of a waxy, greasy stone.) A clearing away of stones. (Rare.) of plants and renders the fruit more per

lustre, and presenting various shades of Elapse (e-laps'), v. i. pret & pp. elapsed; ppr. fect.

green, gray, and red. The predominance elapsing. (L. elabor, clapsus, to slip away These conceptions were not fully nor systematic

of soda in its composition renders its alter- --é, out, and labor, lapsus, to glide.) To ally elaborated by Berkeley. It is not often that he ation a frequent source of zeolites, as thom- slide away; to slip or glide away; to pass who quarries the marble carves and polishes the sonite.

away silently, as time. pillar. Scotsman now s paper. Elæometer (el-z-om'et-ér), n. [Gr. elaion,

Eight days clapsed, at length a pilgrim came. Elaborate (ē-lab'o-rāt)a. (L. elaboratus, olive-oil, and metron, a measure.) A hydro

Hoole. pp. of elaboro. See the verb transitive.] meter for testing the purity of olive and Elapsion (e-lap'shon), n. The act of elaps. Wrought with labour; finished with great almond oils, by determining their densities.

ing. (Rare.] care; much studied; executed with exact. Elæoptene (el-e-op'ten), n. (Gr. elaion; Elaqueate (e-la'kwē-at), v. t. (L. elaqueo, ness; highly finished; as, an elaborate dis

olive-oil, and ptēnos, winged.) The liquid elaqueatum, to extricate from snares or course; an elaborate performance. portion of volatile oils, as distinguished

fetters-e, out, and laqueus, a snare.) To Drawn to the life in each elaborate page. Waller. from the concrete or crystallizable portion disentangle. (Rare.] Syn. Laboured, prepared, studied, perfected, called stearoptene. See STEAROLTENE.

Elasmobranchiate (e-las'mo-brang'ki-āt), high-wrought Elaic (el-a'ik), a. Same as Oleic (which see).

a. Of or belonging to the Elasmobranchii Elaborately (ē- lah'o- rāt-li), adv. With

Elaidate (e-la'i-dāt), n. In chem a salt (which see) great labour or study; with nice regard to formed by the union of elaidic acid with a

Elasmobranchii (ē-las'mő-brang'ki-1), 12. pl. exactness. base

(Gr. elasmos or elasma, a plate, and brangElaborateness (ē-lal'o-rät-nes), n. The Elaidic (e-lā-id'ik), a. Of or pertaining to

chia, gills.) An order of fishes, including the quality of being elaborate or wrought with oleic acid or elaine. Elaidicacid (C18H:40.),

sharks, dog-fishes, rays, and chimæra, in great labour.

a fatty acid obtained from oleic acid by add- which the skull is not composed of distinct Elaboration (ē-lah'o-rā"shon), n. 1. The act ing nitrous or hyponitrous acid.

bones, but simply forms a kind of cartiof elaborating; the act of improving or re- Elaidine, Elaidin (e-la'i-din), n. In chem.

laginous box, the vertebral column somefining by successive processes; great labour. a fatty substance (C-H1006) produced by times cartilaginous, sometimes consisting 2. In physiol. the process of formation or the action of nitric acid upon certain oils,

of distinct vertebræ, the integumentary assimilation performed by the living organs especially castor-oil.

skeleton in the form of placoid scales, the in animals and plants by which something Elaine, Elain (e-lā'in), n. [Fr Païne, from

intestine being very short, and provided is produced; as, the elaboration of chyle, or Gr. elainos, pertaining to the olive-tree,

with a spiral valve. They have two pairs sap, or tissues.

from elaia, the olive-tree.) The liquid prin- of fins (pectorals and ventrals), correspondElaborative (e-lab'o-rāt-iv), a. Serving or ciple of oils and fats; oleine.

ing to the fore and hind limbs, and the tending to elaborate; possessing the power Elaiodic (e-la'i-od''ik), a. (Gr. elaion, olive

ventral fins are close to the anus. The heart of developing or refining by successive operoil, and eidos, resemblance.] Derived from

consists of an auricle, a ventricle, and a musations, whether of nature or of art; working castor-oil; as, elaiodic acid.

cular arterial bulb. The gills are fixed, and out with minute attention to details; labori

Elaiometer (el-a'i-om'et-ér), n.

Same as

form a number of pouches, which open inously and step by step bringing to a state Elxometer (which see).

terually into the pharynx, communicating of completion or perfection. --- Elaborative Elamite (e'lam-it), n. An inhabitant of

outwardly by a series of apertures placed faculty, in metaph. the intellectual power Elam or ancient Persia.

on the side of the neck. The optic nerves of discerning relations and of viewing objects Elamping † (ē-lamp'ing), a. [See LAMP.]

form a commissure. by means of or in relations; the understandShining

Elasmodon (e-las’mo-don), n. [Gr. elasmos, ing of the German philosophers; the discur- This, indeed, is deformed by words neither English

a plate, and odous, odontos, a tooth.] A subsive faculty; thought.

nor Latin, but simply barbarous, as elamping: Elaborator (e-lab'o-rät-ér), n.

. genus of the genus Elephant, under which One who

eblazon, deprostrati, purpured, glitterand, and
many others.

Hallam.

are included the mammoth and Asiatic or that which elaborates. Elaboratory ! (ē-lab'o-rā-to-ri), n.

species, the African elephant belonging to Elance (e-lans), v.t. pret. & pp. elanced;

A laboratory. Evelyn. ppr. elancing. (Fr. elancere, for L. e, ex,

the sub-genus Loxodon. Elaboratory (ē-lab'o-rā-to-ri), a.

Elasmotherium (e-las'mo-the"ri-um), n.
Elaborat-

out, forth, and lancer, to dart, to hurl] To
throw or shoot; to hurl; to dart. While

(Gr. elasinos, a plate, and therion, a wild ing

beast. ) An extinct genus of mammalia, Elæagnacea (el-e'ag-ná"sē-ē), n. pl. (Gr. thy unerring hand elanced . . a dart.'

characterized by the laminated structure of Prior. ela iagnos, the wild olive-tree --elaia, an

the teeth. It is referred by some to the olive-tree, and agnos, chaste.] The oleaster Eland (e’land), n. [D. eland, an elk.] 1. An family, a small natural order of apetalous African species (Oreas canna, Gray) of ante

horse family, by others to the rhinoceros,

being intermediate between them. lope (see ANTILOPIDÆ), the largest of all exogens, scattered over the northern hemisphere.

Elastic, Elastical (e-las'tik, e-las'tik-al), a. They are trees or shrubs, covered

antelopes and almost the only one disposed with silvery or brown scales, and having to take on fat. Its flesh, especially its thighs,

(Fr. élastique, L.L. elasticus, from Gr. elaswhich are dried and used like tongues, is

tos, elatos, beaten out, extensible, from alternate or opposite leaves, and small white or yellow flowers. The only member of the so much prized that it has been nearly

elauno, to drive, to beat out.) 1. Springing order in Britain is the sea-buckthorn (Hipextirpated in the neighbourhood of Cape

back; having the power of returning to

the form from which it is bent, extended, pophae rhamnoides), common on the sandy

Colony, where it was once very numerous. sea-shores of the south. It is about the size of a horse, standing

pressed, or distorted; having the inherent Elæis (el-e'is), n.

property of recovering its former figure A genus of palms, so 5 feet high at the shoulder, and weighing

or volume after any external pressure, 7 to 9 cwts. named from elaia, the olive-tree, because

which has altered that figure or volume, the well known palm-oil is yielded by the

Our party was well supplied with eland flesh during our passage through the desert; and it being supe.

is removed; rebounding; flying back. Thus, fruit of the African species. This is Elvis rior to beef, and the animal as large as an ox, it

a bow is elastic; and when the force which guineensis, or oil-palm, maba of the natives

seems strange that it has not yet been introduced bends it is removed, it instantly returns to of Congo, and common all along the western into England.

Dr. Livingstone. its former shape. The air is elastic; va pours coast of tropical Africa. The oil is used by 2. The moose.

are elastic; and when the force compressing the Africans in cookery and for anointing Elanet (e-lā'net), n. A member of the genus them is removed, they instantly expand or the boily. It forms a considerable article Elanus.

dilate, and recover their former state. The of commerce to Europe, where its chief use Elanus (ē-la'nus), n. A genus of kites, the

measure of the elastic force of any substance is for the manufacture of candles. It is only cosmopolitan member of the group, of is called its modulus of elasticity. See Moalso used in soap-making and for greasing which the black-winged kite (E. melanop- DULUS. ---2. Fig. possessing the power orqnamachinery. The tree has a thiek trunk, terus) is a good example. It is remarkable lity of recovering from depression or exhausreaching 20 to 30 feet in height. (See PALM- for a strong musky odour, which is thought tion; capable of resisting depression or exOIL.). A second and closely allied species is to be due to the insects on which it mostly haustion; capable of sustaining shocks withfound in tropical South America.

feeds and which it captures on the wing. out permanent injury; as, elastic spirits. Elæocarpus (el-e'o-kar'pus), n. (Gr. elaia, Elaolite (e-lā'o-lit), n. [Gr. elaion, olive-oil, “The herds are elastic with health.' Landor. the olive, and karpos, fruit, from the resem- and lithos, a stone.] Same as Elæolite. - Elastic curve, a curve formed by an elastic blance of the fruit to that of the olive.] A Elaopten (el-a-op'ten), 1. The liquid por- blade, fixed horizontally by one of its extregenus of trees, nat. order Tiliaceæ, contain- tion of a volatile oil. See ELÆOPTENE. mities in a vertical plane, and loaded at the ELASTICALLY

137

ELDER

Time ...

other extremity. The loaded end by its It forms delicate silky crystals of a very Elbow-grease (el'bo-grēs), n. A colloquial gravity bends the blade into a curve. --- bitter taste. To of a grain acts as a drastic or vulgar expression for energetic and conElastic fluids, fluids which have the pro- purgative.

tinuous hand-labour, as rubbing, scouring, perty of expanding in all directions on the Elaterite (e-lat'er-īt), n. An elastic mineral &c. "You have not used enough of elbourremoval of external pressure, as the air, resin, of a blackish-brown colour, subtrans- grease: a common reproach heard in the gases, vapours. -- Elastic gum, india-rubber. lucent, and occurring in soft Hexible masses. workshop and kitchen. -- Elastic inineral pitch, a brown, massive, Elaterium (e-la-te'ri-um), n. (Gr. elaterion, He has scartit and dintit my gude mahogany past elastic variety of bitumen. - Elastic tissue, from elaterios, driving, purgative, from ela- a'the power o' bees-wax and elbow.grease to smooth. in anat. tissue so named from its fibres tër, a driver, and that from clauno, to drive,

Girl! possessing the property of recovering their to urge.) 1. A substance obtained from the Elbow-piece (el'bő-pés), n. In milit. antiq. original state after being drawn out to twice fruit of the Ecballium agreste or squirting cu- !

a covering for the juncture of plate armour their natural length. It occurs in several cumber, which, if gathered a little before it

at the elbow. structures where elasticity is required, as ripens, and the juuce gently expressed, de Elbow-room (el'bő-röm), n. Room to exiu the vocal chords, the middle coat of the posits a green sediment which is collected tend the elbows on each side; hence, perfect arteries, the skin, &c. Called also Yellow and dried. Good elaterium operates as a

freedom from confinement; ample room for Fibrous Tissue. drastic purge, and is generally administered

motion or action. Elastically (ē-las'tik-al-li), adv. In an in cases of dropsy. It contains elaterin, Now my soul hath elboru-room. Shak. elastic manner; by an elastic power; with a together with starch, resin, &c. -- 2. In Elbuck (el'buk), n. Elbow. (Scotch. ] spring

bot. a term invented by Richard to denote. Elcaja (el-ka'ja), n. An Arabian tree (TriElasticity (ē-las-tis'i-ti), n. 1. The quality that kind of fruit which is found in Eu- chilia emetica), the fruit of which is emetic, of being elastic; the inherent property in phorbia, consisting of three or more carpels, and also sometimes used in the composition bodies by which they recover their former consolidated when young, but bursting with of an ointment for the cure of the itch, figure or state, after external pressure, ten- elasticity when ripe.

Elcesaite (el-se'sa-it), n. (From Elcesai, sion, or distortion.-2. Fig. power of re- Elateryt (el'a-te-ri), n. (See ELATERIUM.) the leader of the sect.] One of a sect of covery from depression or exhaustion, as Acting force or elasticity; as, the elatery Gnostics, which arose among the early Asiafrom overwork; power of resisting depres- of the air.

tic Christians in the reign of the emperor sion or exhaustion; as, he possesses great Elatinaceæ (e-lat’i-nā"se-ē), n.pl. [Gr. ela- Trajan. elasticity of spirit.

tinos, belonging to the pine, from elatë, the Eld (eld), 1z. (A. Sax. eld or celd, old age. See He (Berkeley) returned ... to have the primacy pine- from the resemblance of their leaves.) OLD.) 1. Old age; decrepitude. of Ireland within his reach. But we always feel that The water-pepper family; a nat. order of

Time hath reft whate'er my soul enjoy'd, he has not the same elasticity and heartiness of life

dicotyledonous plants, containing only two And with the ills of eld mine earlier years alloy'd. as before. Scotsman news paper. genera and about twenty species. The plants

Byron. -Limits of elasticity, the utmost limits are herbaceous annuals, with hollow stems

Green boyhood presses there, to which elastic bodies can be compressed and opposite leaves with stipules. They are

And waning eld, pleading a youthful soul,
Intreats adinission.

Southey. or extended, without destroying their elas- found in marshy places in all quarters of ticity. the globe.

2. Old time; former ages. Shak. 'Chronicles Elasticness (ē-las'tik-nes), n. Elasticity. Elatine (el-a-ti'nē), n. A genus of aquatic

of eld.' Longfellow. (In both uses poetical. } (Rare.)

annuals, nat. order Elatinacere. They are

Eld, Elde, v.t. To make old. Time that Elastin (e-las'tin), n. In chem. a body

eldeth oure auncestours. Chaucer. small creeping plants, with opposite or rarely closely resembling albumen, except that it whorled leaves and small axillary flowers.

Eld, Elde,t v.i. To grow old. is free from sulphur, forming the principal Six species are known in temperate regions,

had made her elde so inly.' Chaucer. substance of the elastic fibre which is the two of which are found in Britain, popu

Elder (eld'ér), a. [A. Sax. yldra, ildra, the characteristic constituent of certain tissues. larly called water-wort or water-pepper.

compar. degree of eald, ald, old. See OID.) Elat, pp. Elated. Chaucer. Elation (e-la'shon), n. An inflation or ele

1. Older; senior; having lived a longer time; Elatchee (ē-lach'é), n. The Indian name of vation of mind proceeding from self-appro

born, produced, or formed before something cardamomis See CARDAMOM. bation, self-esteem, vanity, or priile, result

else: opposed to younger. Elate (é-lat), a. (L. elatus, pp. of effero, to ing from success; hence, haughtiness; pride

The elder shall serve the younger.

Gen. xxv, 23. bring out, to lift up-e, ex, out, and fero, of prosperity. "Vain elation of mind. At

His elder son was in the field.

Luke xv. 25. to bear, to bring.) i. Raised; lifted up. terbury,

2. Prior in origin; preceding in the date of And sovereign law, that state's collected will, Elator (e-lāt'er), n. He who or that which a commission; senior; as, an elder officer or O'er thrones and globes, clate, elates.

magistrate.-3. Pertaining to earlier times; Sits empress.

Sir W. Jones. Elatrometer (el-a-trom'et-ér), n. (Gr. ela- earlier. 2. Elevated in mind; flushed, as with suc- tēr, a driver, and metron, a measure.] In In the elder days of art, cess; lofty: haughty; as, elate with victory. physics, an instrument for measuring the Builders wrought with greatest care. Longfellow. * Elate with pride.' Crabbe. (Used chietly degree of rarefaction of the air in the re

The oral tale of elder time rehearse. Rogers. in poetry. SYN. Puffed up, proud, lofty, ceiver of an air-pump.

Elder (eld'ér), n. [In the senses of anhaughty, exultant, jubilant.

Elbow (elbo), n. (A. Sax. elboga, elnboga- cestor, person advanced in life, probably Elate (e-lat), v. t, pret. & pp. elated; ppr. elat

eln, forearm, an ell (akin to L. ulna, Gr. olenē, directly from A. Sax. ealdor, an ancestor, a inu. 1. To raise; to exalt. “By the potent the forearm, an ell), and boga, a bow; D. person of authority.) 1. One who is older sun elated high. Thomson.-2. To raise or elleboog; G. ellbogen, ellenbogen; Icel, albogi; than another or others. swell, as the mind or spirits; to elevate Sc. elbuck.] 1. The outer angle made by the At the board, and in private, it very well becometh with success; to puff up; to make proud. bend of the arm; the joint which unites the children's innocency to pray, and their elders to say

Amen.

Hooker. 'Elated by victory.' Hume.

upper arm with the forearm. Elatedly (ē-lāt'ed-li), adv. With elation.

The wings that waft our riches out of sight

2. An ancestor. Elatedness (e-lāt'ed-nes), n. The state of Grow on the gamester's elbows. Cowper. Carry your head as your elders have done before being elated.

L'Estrange. 2. Any flexure or angle, especially if not

you. Elater (e-låt'ér), n. He who or that which acute, as of a wall, building, or road; a 3. A person advanced in life, and who, on elates

sudden turn or bend, as in a river or the sea- account of his age, experience, and wisdom, Elater (el'a-tér), m. (Gr. elatēr, a driver ) coast; a part of a structure somewhat resem- is selected for office. Among the Jews, the 1. In bot. an elastic hygrometric fllament bling an elbow, as the raised arm of a chair seventy men associated with Moses in the attached to the spores of Equisetum, and or sofa (but perhaps in this case the name government of the people were elders. In mixed with the spores in the capsules of is given to the part because it supports the the first Christian churches, elders were Jungermanniacere. In Equisetum each arm or elbow). - 3. In arch, one of the up- persons who enjoyed offices or ecclesiastical spore is furnished with four elaters, which right sides which flank any panelled work, functions, and the word includes apostles, are coiled round the spore until it is ripe, as in windows below the shutters.-- Elbow pastors, teachers, presbyters, bishops, or when they uncoil with elasticity, and jerk in the hause (naut.), a particular twist in overseer's. Peter and John called them. the spore out of the capsule. The elaters the cables by which a ship rides at anchor. selves elders. The first councils of Chrisof the liverworts are long delicate tubes --Out at elbows, clad in shabby, worn-out tians were called presbyteria, councils of with one or more spiral fibres coiled up clothes; especially wearing a coat whose elders. In the modern Presbyterian churches within them. -2. In zool. a member of the elbow exposes the shirt or skin beneath; elders are officers who, with the pastors or family Elateridæ (which see).

hence, reduced in circumstances; badly off ministers, compose the consistories or kirkElateridæ (el-a-teri-dë), n. pl. (Gr. elater, in money matters. - To be at one's elbovo, to sessions, with authority to inspect and a driver, from elauno, to drive, and eidos, be close to one.- To be up to the elbows, to regulate matters of religion and discipline resemblance.) A family of coleopterous be as busy as one can be; to be wholly en- in the congregation. As a member of the insects corresponding to the Linnean genus gaged or engrossed.

kirk-session, the elder has an equal vote Elater. They are found on flowers and Elbow (el bő), v. t. To push with the elbow, with his minister, and as a member of the leares, on which they feed. If disturbed as when one passes by another or pushes higher church courts, when delegated there. they let themselves drop to the ground. In him with his elbow; to make or gain, as a to, he has a right to reason and vote on all case of falling on their backs, owing to the path, by pushing with the elbows; as, he matters under discussion in the same manshortness of their legs they would not be elbowed his way through the crowd.

ner as the clergy themselves. able to recover themselves, were it not that,

He'll clbow out his neighbours. Dryden.

Elder, Elder-tree (eld'ér, eld'ér-trē), n. by the particular structure of the thorax,

(A. Sax. ellarn, ellen; the d has been inthey can, by a quick movement of the arti Elbow (elbo), v.i. 1. To jut into an angle; serted in later times. Comp. elder with culations between it and the abdomen, leap to project; to bend.--2. To jostle with or as A. Sax. alr, aldor, the alder-tree, which from the ground and fall on their feet. On with the elbow; to push one's way; to be seems to be really the same word though account of this power they are called skip- rudely self-assertive or quarrelsome. 'Purse- now differently applied. Comp. also, as a jacks, and the clicking noise accompanying proud, elbowing insolence.' Grainger.

similar instance of the insertion of d, alderthe leap has given them the name of click- He that grows hot and turbid, that elbows in all his liefest, i.e. dearest of all, found in Shakspere beetles. The fire-flies of tropical climates philosophick disputes, must needs be very proud of and elsewhere.) Sambucus, the popular belong to this family. In Britain their larva,

his own sufficiencies.

Mannyngham.

name of a genus of small trees, shrubs, or which are the well known wire-worms, are Elbow-chair (el bo-char), n. A chair with marshy herbs, nat, order Caprifoliaceæ. S. very destructive to corn. See WIRE-WORM. arms to support the elbows; an arm-chair. nigra is a well-known tree of rapid growth, Elaterin, Elaterine(e-la'tér-in),n. (C20H1404,

Necessity invented stools,

and containing an unusual quantity of pith, nearly.) The active principle of elaterium. Convenience next suggested elbow-chairs. Cowper. which being easily removed, the branches ELDER-BERRY

138

ELECTRIC

may readily be formed into tubes, whence Elect (ē-lekt), v.t. [L. eligo, electum-e, out, means of a President, a Senate, a House of Repreit was formerly called Boretree, and in Scot- and lego, lectum, to pick, choose.] 1. To pick sentatives, who are all elective, and a Judiciary body. land Bourtree. The berries, made into an out; to select from among a number. "The

Brougham. inspissated juice, are gently laxative; they deputy elected by the Lord.' Shak. Hence

2. Pertaining to or consisting in choice or are also used for making a kind of wine, 2. To select or take for an office or employ

right of choosing; as, elective franchise. as well as for adulterating port. Water dis- ment; to choose from among a number; to

3. Exerting the power of choice. tilled from the flowers is used as a cosmetic. select or manifest preference by vote or de

All moral goodness consisting in the elective act of

Grow. Judas was hanged on an elder.' Shak. signation; as, to elect a representative by

the understanding will. Fast by (the pool of Siloe) is the elder-tree on vote or viva voce; to elect a president or

4. Selecting for combination; as, an elective which Judas hanged himself.

Mandeville.
mayor.–3. In theol. to designate, choose, or

attraction, which is a tendency in bodies to

unite with certain kinds of matter in pre- Dwarf elder (Sambucus Ebulus), a fetid select as an object of mercy or favour. herbaceous plant found in waste places 4. To choose; to prefer; to determine in

ference to others. in Britain. Called also Elderwort, Danewort, favour of.

Electively (e-lekt'iv-li), adv. By choice; or Wallwort.-Water-elder, Viburnum Opu

with preference of one to another.

They have been, by the means that they elected, lus or guelder rose. carried beyond the end that they designed. Boyle.

Cabbage is no food for her (the butterfly); yet in

the cabbage, not by chance, but studiously and electElder-berry (eld'ér-be-ri), n. The fruit of SYN. To select, choose, prefer, appoint. ively, she lays her eggs.

Paley. the elder.

Elect (ē-lekt'), a. 1. Chosen; taken by pre- Elector (e-lekt'er), n. One who elects or has Elder-gun (eld'ér-gun), n. A pop-gun made ference from among two or more. Hence- the right of choice; a person who has, by of elder-wood by extracting the pith.

2. In theol. chosen as the object of mercy law or constitution, the right of voting for That's a perilous shot of an elder-gun, that a poor

or divine favour; chosen, selected, or desig- any functionary; specifically, one who has and private displeasure can do against a monarch! nated to eternal life; predestinated in the

the right of voting for a representative in You may as well go about to turn the sun to ice, with divine counsels.

parliament; a voter. In free governments, fanning in his face with a peacock's feather. Shak.

Some I have chosen of peculiar grace,

the people, or such of them as possess cerElderly (eld'ér-li), a. Somewhat old; ad- Elect above the rest.

Milton, tain qualifications of age, character, and vanced beyond middle age; bordering on 3. Chosen, but not inaugurated, consecrated,

property, are the electors of their represenold age; as, elderly people. or invested with office; as, bishop elect; em

tatives, &c., in parliament, assembly, or Eldern f (el'dern), a. Made of elder. peror elect; governor or mayor elect.

other legislative body. In Germany certain He would discharge us as boys do eldern guns. Elect (e-lekt), n. sing. or pl. 1. One chosen princes were formerly electors of the em

Marston,
or set apart. These reverent fathers, the

peror, and elector was one of their titles; Eldership (eld'er-ship), n. 1. Seniority;

elect of the land.' Shak.

as, the Elector of Saxony. the state of being older. Paternity and eldership.' Raleigh.-2. The office of an

Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in

Electoral (e-lekt'èr-al), a. Pertaining to whom my soul delighteth.

Is. xlii. 1.

election or electors; consisting of electors. elder; aş, he was elected to the eldership.3. Elders collectively; order of elders. 2. Persons chosen or designated by God to

Such are the subdivisions in favour of the electoral and other princes of the empire.

Burke. Elder-wine, Elder-flower Wine (eld'ér

salvation; those especially favoured by God: win, eld'ér-flou-er win), n.

Electoralityt (ē-lekt'èr-al"i-ti), n. ElectoA wine made of in a collective sense; as, the elect.

rate. elder-berries. It is sweetened and flavoured

He shall send his angels ... and they shall gather Electorate (ē-lekt'èr-āt), n. together his elect from the four winds. Mat. xxiv. 31.

1. The dignity with spices and generally drunk hot or

of an elector in the first German Empire. mulled. 3. A nation or body chosen, selected, or set

2. The territory of an elector in Germany. Elderwort (eld'ér-wert), n. A plant, dwarf apart as a peculiar church and people: spe- Electoress (e-lekt'ér-es), n. Electress. “Ï'he elder. See under ELDER, a tree. cifically applied to the Israelites. Is. xlv. 4.

Electoress of Brunswick.' Burnet. Eldest (eld'est), a. (A. Sax. yldest, superl. Electantt (e-lekt'ant), n. One having the Electorial (e-lek-toʻri-al), a. Relating to an of eald, ald, old.] Oldest; most advanced in power of choosing. Free electant.' Tucker.

elector or election. age; that was born before others; as, the Electaryt (e-lek'ta-ri), n. Same as Electu- Electorship (e-lekt'ér-ship), n. The office eldest son or daughter. ary.

of an elector. Elding (eld'ing), n. [A. Sax. æling, a burn- Electicism (ē-lekt’i-sizm), ?. The system of Electret (e-lek'ter), n. [L. electrum, amber.] ing, from alan, to burn.) Fuel. (Local.] selecting doctrines and opinions from other 1. Amber.-2. An ore or alloy of gold of a El Dorado (el do-rä'do or el do-rā'do), n. systems; eclecticism.

pale amber colour. See ELECTRUM. [Sp., the golden-el, the, and dorado, gilt, Election (e-lek'shon), n. [L. electio, electionis, Electrepeter (e-lek-trep'et-ér), n. [Gr. élekpp. of dorare, to gild.] A country that a selection, from eligo, electum. See ELECT,

tron, amber, and trepő, to turn.) An instruOrellana, the lieutenant of Pizarro, pre- v.t.] 1. The act of choosing; choice; the act ment for changing the direction of electrical tended he had discovered in South America, of selecting one or more from others. Hence currents. between the Orinoco and Amazon rivers; -2. The act of choosing a person to fill an Electress (ē-lekt'res), n. The wife or widow and which he thus named on account of office or employment, by any manifestation of an elector in the first German Empire. the immense quantity of gold and precious of preference, as by vote, uplifted hands, Electric, Electrical (e-lek’trik, e-lek'trikmetals that, he asserted, he had seen in viva voce, or ballot; as, the election of a

al), a. [Fr. électrique, from L. electrum, Manoa, the capital of the country, His king, of a president, or a mayor.

Gr. elektron, amber.] 1. Containing elecrelation was soon discovered to be a figment. Corruption in elections is the great enemy of free- tricity, or capable of exhibiting it when exIn every country of Europe the word has be- dom.

7. Adams. cited by friction; as, an electric body, such come a proverbial term for a region falsely 3. Power of choosing or selecting; choice; as amber and glass; an electric substance.represented to be rich in all the gifts of voluntary preference; free-will; liberty to 2. Pertaining to electricity; as, electric power nature.

choose or act; as, it is at his election to ac- or virtue; electric attraction or repulsion; My sick brother, as in hospital-maladies men do, cept or refuse.

electric fluid. 3. Derived from or produced thou dreamest of Paradises and El Dorados, which

Nor headlong carried by the stream of will, by electricity; as, electrical effects or phenoare far from thee.

Carlyle.

Nor by his own election led to ill. Daniel. mena; an electric shock.-4. Conveying elecEldrich, Eldritch (el'drich), a. [A. Sax. el-,

4. Discernment; discrimination; distinction. tricity; communicating a shock by electristrange, and rice, rich.] Hideous; ghastly; wild; as, an eldrich shriek. [Scotch.)

To use men with much difference and election is

city; as, the electric wires; the electric eel or good.

Bacon. fish.-5. Fig. full of fire, spirit, or passion, More eldrich and weirdly still was the laughter of 5. In theol. divine choice; predetermination

and capable of communicating it to others. Jock.

Macmillan's Mag.

of God, by which persons are distinguished Electric Pindar, quick as fear, His lengthen'd chin, his turn'd-up snout, His eldritch squeel and gestures.

With race-dust on his cheeks, and clear Burns. as objects of mercy, become subjects of

Slant startled eyes.

E. B. Browning. Eleatic (e-le-at'ik), a.

grace, are sanctified and prepared for heaven.
Of or pertaining to
Rom. xi. 5.-6. In a collective sense, those

- Electric apparatus, the various things Elea (L. Velia), a town of Magna Græcia; who are elected

necessary for conducting electrical experispecifically, an epithet given to a sect of

The eledion hath obtained it. Rom. xi. 7. philosophers that originated in Elea. The

ments, and illustrating the laws of electric founder of the school was Xenophanes. Election-auditor (ē-lek'shon-a-dit-ér), n.

action; such as a machine for exciting and

collecting electricity, glass tubes, electroEleatic (ē-lē-at'ik), n. An adherent of the An officer annually appointed for each con

meters, insulated stools,&c. - Electric bridge. Eleatic philosophy. stituency, to whom is committed the duty

See under BRIDGE. Electric circuit, a Elecampane (el'e-kam-pān'), n. (Fr. énule- of taking and publishing the account of all

plate of copper or some other metal, and a campane, from L. inula, elecampane, and expenses incurred at parliamentary elec- plate of zinc with the acid solution which L.L.campana, a bell. tions.

renders them active, and a wire connecting Comp. its German Electioneer (e-lek'shon-ēr'), v.i. To make

the unimmersed ends of the plates. Thus, name glockenwurz,

interest for a candidate at an election; to the current of electricity may be supposed that is, bell - wort.]

employ arts to secure the election of a can1. The

to start from the zinc, pass through the common didate; to work or exert one's self in any way

liquid to the copper, and thence through name of Inula Helto obtain the election of a candidate.

the wire back again to the zinc. When the enium, a composite Electioneerer (e-lek'shon-ēr''er), n. One who

copper and zinc plates are connected by the herb found occaelectioneers.

wire, the circuit is said to be closed, and the sionally in copses Electioneering (e-lek'shon-ēr'ing), a. Of

current circulates, but when the connection and meadows in or pertaining to the making of interest for

between the plates is not complete, the cirEngland. It is a a candidate at an election; as, electioneering

cuit is said to be broken or interrupted. · perennial plant, and practices.

Electric current, a current or stream of elecgrows in moist mea

Elective (e-lektiv), a. 1. Chosen by election; dows and pastures dependent on choice; bestowed or passing

tricity traversing a closed circuit formed of

conducting substances, or passing by means near houses. It is by election; as, an elective monarchy, in

of conductors from one body to another an aromatic bitter, which the king is raised to the throne by

which is in a different electrical state. See and was formerly election; the office is elective : opposed to

ELECTRICITY.-Electric jar. See LEYDEN regarded as expechereditary.

PHIAL.-Electric battery, a number of electorant. -2. A coarse

The great majority of the soldiers were disposed
Elecampane (Inula

tric jars connected with each other, for obcandy, professedly Helenium).

to support their general, as elective first magistrate of
a commonwealth against all factions which might

taining a powerful discharge of electricity. made from the root resist his authority; but they would not consent that

-Electric machine, the principal part of of the plant, but really composed of little he should assume the regal title. Macaulay. the electric apparatus, so constructed as to else than coloured sugar.

The people plainly exercise the supreme power by

be capable of exciting a great quantity of ELECTRIC

139

ELECTRO-BALLISTIC

electricity, and exhibiting its effects in a very sensible manner. It has been constructed of a great variety of forms, but in the common electric machines, electricity

Electric Machine. is excited by the friction of a circular plate or cylinder of glass upon a cushion or rubber, which electricity is communicated to a metallic tube, termed the prime-conductor:Electric condenser, an instrument by which small quantities of electricity may be accumulated and rendered apparent - Electric clock, (a) a clock in which the moving power is the action of a current of voltaic electricity instead of a weight. (6) A clock in which the motive power is got from weights or springs, and in which electricity is only used for controlling or governing the motion. Electric telegraph. See TELEGRAPH. Electric induction. See INDUCTION. --Electric tension. See TENSION.-Electric spark, one of the forms in which accumulated electricity discharges itself. It consists of the rushing together of positive and negative electricity across a non-conducting medium with violent commotion and displacement of the intervening particles. The phenomena most commonly presented by the spark are a bright light, great heat, a sharp crack or report, and, if many sparks are passed in succession, a strong odour of ozone.--Electriceel, the Gymnotus electricus. See GYMNOTUS. Electric (e-lek'trik), n. The old name for a body or substance capable of exhibiting electricity by means of friction or otherwise, and of resisting the passage of it from one body to another. See ELECTRICITY. Electrically (e-lek'trik-al-li), adv. In the manner of electricity, or by means of it. Electricalness (e-lek'trik-al-nes), n. The state or quality of being electrical. (Rare.) Electrician (è-lek-tri'shan), n. One who studies electricity, and investigates its properties by observation and experiments; one versed in the science of electricity. Electricity (ē-lek-tris'i-ti), n. (See ELECTRIC.) The name used in connection with an extensive and important class of phenomena, and usually denoting either the unknown cause the phenomena or the science that treats of them. In the latter usage it may be defined as the branch of natural philosophy which investigates the attractions and repulsions, the production of light, and the elevation of temperature, as well as the explosions and other phenomena attending the friction of vitreous, resinous, and metallic surfaces, and the heating, cooling, evaporation, and mutual contact of a great number of bodies. The first knowledge of electricity was due to the following out the observation made by Thales, that amber, called by the Greeks elektron, when rubbed, acquired the property of attracting light substances. It was subsequently observed that glass and various other substances, when rubbed, acquired the same property. If a dry glass rod be rubbed with a silk handkerchief, or a piece of amber or sealing-wax with a woollen cloth, and be presented to light bodies, such as fragments of paper, thread, cork, light straws, or little bits of gold-leaf, the light bodies are first attracted, but immediately after contact with the glass or sealing-wax they are again repelled. For example, if to a small pithball, formed from the pith of the elder-tree, suspended by a silk thread, we present the rubbed glass rod, we find the attraction is momentary, and is followed by as brisk a

repulsion, any attempt to bring the rod near VANIC). Free electricity has the power of
to the pith only serving to drive it farther inducing the bodies near it to assume a
away. But if an excited stick of sealing- peculiar electric condition; thus, if upon
wax be brought near, the pith instantly either extremity of a brass cylinder with
flies to it, only, however, to be in a moment rounded ends, insulated on a glass pillar,
cast off, as it had been by the glass before. we hang two pith-balls by means of cotton
Banished from the wax, it will now be re- threads, and place within a few inches of
ceived by the glass for an instant, a con- the end of the cylinder a glass tube which
tinual exchange of sympathy for the one or has been briskly rubbed, the balls at each
the other body being kept up as long as the end diverge, showing that each pair is
excitement which gives rise to these pheno- charged with similar electricities. When
mena continues. Again, if a second ball is the glass tube is withdrawn, the balls hang
brought near to the first, which has pre- down as before, so that the electrical excite-
viously been in contact either with the wax ment of the cylinder is merely temporary
or with the glass, attraction is first exhi- and dependent on the proximity of the tube,
bited between the two balls and then repul- This action of the tube, inducing in the
sion. From these facts we learn that fric- cylinder its peculiar electrical condition, is
tion of glass with silk, or of sealing-wax called induction, and the cylinder in this
with a woollen cloth, confers on these bodies state is said to be polarized, that is, to have
new properties. They become excited or its poles or ends like a magnet, each having
electrified. They have also the power of its similar but relatively opposite force.
communicating their electrification to other (See INDUCTION, POLARITY.) Electricity,
bodies, and, again, a body electrified by when accumulated in large quantities, be-
either of them can electrify a third. There comes an agent capable of producing the
are two kinds of electrification, one like most sudden, violent, and destructive ef-
that of glass, and one like that of wax; fects, as in thunder-storms; and even in its
hence the former has been sometimes called quiescent state it is extensively concerned
vitreous, and the latter resinous electricity. in the operations of nature. It is an impor.
But these terms are not quite correct, as tant chemical agent, and its use has been
either kind may be got from the glass or lately much extended in the arts and manu-
from the wax by varying the nature of the factures. Many theories as to the nature
rubber. For vitreous and resinoils, the of electricity have been proposed, but its
terms positive and negative are now used- real character is yet unknown. The two
positive electricity being like that evoked on most important are the fluid theories of
glass by rubbing with silk, and negatire, Franklin and of Symmers. Franklin held
like that evoked on sealing-wax by rubbing that all bodies, when in a neutral state, con-
with flannel. The experiment with the two tain a definite quantity of an extremely
balls shows that an electrified body com- elastic, imponderable fluid, which repels
municates to another in contact with it itself, but attracts matter. Bodies are posi-
electricity of the same sort as it possesses tively electrified when they have more than
itself; and hence from this experiment, in their natural share of it, and negatively when
connection with those that preceded it, we they have less. Symmers' theory is that
learn that similarly electrified bodies repel bodies, in the neutral state, contain equal
each other, and dissimilarly electrified bodies amounts of two electrical fluids of opposite
attract each other. Finally, we observe characters. By friction and otherwise these
that neutral bodies are attracted by those can be separated, one going to each body
which are electrified. After a while the rubbed. Each repels itself but attracts the
excited body loses its influence, but it may other, and one is peculiar to rubbed glass
again be renewed by friction; and if the and the other to rubbed sealing-wax.-Ani.
body be sufficiently excited, and touched mal electricity, galvanism (which see).-
by the knuckle or a metallic ball, there is a Atmospheric electricity, the electricity
slight crack, and a spark (called the electric which is produced in the atmosphere, and
spark) is emitted between the two bodies. which becomes visible in the form of light-
Every substance which we rub will not ning.
exhibit the phenomena of attraction and Electrifiable (e-lek'tri-fi-a-bl), a. (From
repulsion. A rod of metal held in the hand electrify.] 1. Capable of receiving electri-
will show no trace of electricity, though it city, or of being charged with it; that may
be rubbed ever so long. It is plain, there- become electric.-2. Capable of receiving
fore, that all bodies are not alike with re- and transmitting the electrical fluid.
gard to the electrical state. The difference Electrification (e-lek'tri-fi-kā"shon), n. The
used to be explained by saying that certain act of electrifying, or state of being charged
bodies, as amber, glass, resin, &c., were with electricity
electrics, while the metals and others were Electrify (e-lek'tri-fi), v.t. pret. & pp. elec-
non-electrics; but such an explanation is trified; ppr. electrifying. (Gr. elektron, am-
erroneous, for if we hold the metal by a ber, and L. facio, to make.] 1. To commu-
glass handle while we rub it, it will at once nicate electricity to; to charge with elec-
show its attractive power.

The true ex- tricity; as, to electrify a jar. - 2. To cause
planation lies in the fact, that in some sub- electricity to pass through; to affect by
stances the electrical condition is no sooner electricity; to give an electric shock to; as,
produced at any part than it spreads to all to electrify a limb. - 3. To excite suddenly;
the rest, while in others it diffuses itself to give a sudden shock to; to surprise with
over the body slowly and with great dift- some sudden and brilliant effect; to thrill;
culty. This leads up to a division of sub- to enchant; as, the whole assembly was
stances into conductors and non-conductor electrified. He (Milton) electrifies the
of electricity, according as they admit or mind.' Macaulay.
do not admit this instant diffusion or trans- If an English sovereign were now to imiure a sub.
mission of the electric state. Non-conduc- ject in dehance of the writ of Habeas Corpus, or to
tors, as dry air, glass, shellac, &c., are also

put a conspirator to the torture, the whole nation termed insulators, because the electricity

would be instantly electrified by the news,

Macaulay. of an electric body which is surrounded by Electrify(e-lek'tri-fi),v.i. To become electric. such, is prevented from escaping over other Electrine (e-lek'trin), a. (L. electrum.) 1. Be. conductors. The earth is a great conductor longing to or made of amber. - 2. Composed of electricity. Besides friction there are of electrum. See ELECTRUM, 3. other sources of electricity. After cleavage Electrization (e-lek'triz-ā"shon), n. The act or pressure certain laminated minerals, as of electrizing. mica, arragonite, calcareous spar, exhibit Electrize (e-lek'triz), v.t. To electrify. strong electric excitement at the surfaces Electrizer (e-lek'trīz-ér), n. One who or cleft or pressed, one of these surfaces being that which electrifies; specifically, an apalways positive, the other negative. Many

paratus consisting of plates of copper and other bodies, not minerals, possess the same zinc, or silver and zinc, of various forms, property; thus, if a disc of cork and a disc

for the application of electricity for mediof india-rubber be pressed together and cal purposes. then separated, the former is found to be Electro (ē-lek'tro), n. A contraction for electrified positively, and the latter nega- Electrotype (which see). tively. Change of temperature produces

For these reasons the Act is objectionable in proelectricity; thus, if a crystal of tourma- hibiting the importation of stereos and electros. line is warmed, it shows positive electri

Amer. Publishers' Circular, city at one extremity of its principal axis, Electro-ballistic (e-lek'tro-bal-list"ik), a. A and negative at the other. There are term applied to an instrument for determinseveral other sources of electricity, as the ing by electricity the velocity of a projectile motion of magnets (see MAGNETISM), the at any part of its flight. The projectile passes application of heat to a junction of two dis- through a screen, thus breaking a current similar metals (see THERMO-ELECTRICITY), of electricity and setting in motion a penand chemical action (see GALVANISM, GAL dulum, which is arrested on the passage of

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