856. solvit, relaxes, in contrast to tenebat, above.

859. cum gubernaclo, compare vi. 349.

864. Sirenum (see Fig. 81, p. 165).

865. quondam: after they were foiled by the craft of Ulysses (Od. xii. 178-200), the Sirens are said to have cast themselves into the sea and perished.

867. fluitantem, drifting at random: Æneas is roused by the irregu lar movement and une chafing surge against the cliff.

BOOK VI.

THE main action of this book, the visit to the world of Shades, is expanded from the narratives of Ulysses in the eleventh book of the Odyssey. But while Ulysses, in a region vaguely indicated as at the ends of the earth, beyond the Ocean stream, simply offers sacrifice and digs a trench about which the ghosts crowd eager to taste the victim's blood, and so hold converse with him; we have in Virgil a definite locality, and a vast underground realm of which the entrance is marked by the sulphur springs and caverns near the bay of Naples, with its well-defined regions of the tormented and the blessed, according to the more developed though philosophic and skeptic opinion of his time. Some passages have been thought to hint at the initiatory rites of certain mysteries, to which Virgil had himself been admitted; much of the philosophy is Stoic pantheism; and the theory of the vision appears to include the Pythagorean doctrine of metempsychosis. Compare Ovid, Met. xv. 1-487.

1. Sic fatur: these lines, in some editions, are added to Book V. – immittit habenas, i.e. sets all sail (lit., gives loose reins to the fleet).

2. Euboicis: the colonization from Euboea was of a later date than the supposed time of Æneas. - Cumarum: Cuma was the oldest Greek settlement in Italy. It was situated on the coast, a few miles west of Naples, where its remains are still to be seen. In its foundation Chalcis of Euboea was united with Cyme in Asia Minor, hence the name Cuma: the assigned date is B.C. 1050; compare with the succeeding description that in iii. 441-460.

3. obvertunt proras: the vessels were brought up to land stern on so as to set sail again more easily.

4. litora (§ 228, a).

5. praetexunt, i.e. a line of sterns is seen along the shore; cf. v. 3.emicat, here used in its original sense of rapid motion.

6. semina, i.e. as the fire is struck with flint and steel, the elements of fire seem to be in the flint.

8. rapit, scour for fuel or game. (§ 292, R.; G. 667, R.'; H. 549, 5).

inventa, etc., find and shr

9. arces, i.e. the temple of Apollo is on a hill, its secret shrine (adytum) being the cave of the Sibyl.

10. horrendae, an object of awe as inspired by Apollo. - procul, at a distance; not very far, but merely out of the way. - Sibyllae, see note, Ecl. iv. 4.

12. Delius: Apollo is often so called from his favorite abode at Delos.

13. Triviae, an epithet of Diana in her three-fold form (iv. 609). 14. Daedalus: of his escape by flight, see Ovid, Met. viii. 183-259. Minoia regna: not merely Crete, but all the Grecian waters of which Minos had sovereign rule, says Thucydides. Tradition connected the wanderings of Daedalus with Sicily and Sardinia.

17. Chalcidica: Cum was founded from Chalcis in Euboea; compare v. 2.

19. remigium, machinery.

20. Androgei: Androgeos, son of Minos, on account of the envy of

the Athenians, was sent by Ageus to encounter the Marathonian bull, by which he was slain. His death was avenged, and the Athenians were. compelled to send yearly seven boys and seven girls to be devoured by the Minotaur. The first two scenes described are at Athens: first the death of Androgeos, then the drawing of lots to determine the victims to be sent, then Pasiphaë, and finally the Labyrinth, with Theseus and Ariadne; all sculptured on the temple. (See Fig. 115.)

21. Cecropidae: Cecrops was the fabulous founder of Athens.
22. ductis (ablative absolute).

23. contra, i.e. on the other door. - mari (abl. of separation).

24. crudelis amor, see Ecl. vi. 46, note: the madness of Pasiphaë was inflicted on her by Venus, as a punishment for revealing her intrigue with Mars.

55. biformis, half man and half bull.

27. labor ille, the Labyrinth, which it was Dedalus's "task" to build as a place of confinement for the monster. — error, wanderings, in its original sense.

28. magnum reginae amorem, the great love of the princess, i.e. that of Ariadne for Theseus.

29. ipse resolvit: the builder of the labyrinth taught the princess how to unravel its mystery by the guiding clue of thread. - dolos ambagesque (hendiadys), deceitful windings.

30. caeca, dark, i.e. uncertain.

31. sineret dolor,

594, 4; H. 484).

would grief permit (hort. subj., § 310, b; cf. G.

32. casus effingere, i.e. to represent Icarus' flight and falling into the Icarian sea, to which he gave his name. (See Fig. 116.)

33. omnia (two syllables).

34. perlegerent, would have continued to peruse ($ 398, a; G.. 599, R.'; H. 510, N.o).

35. sacerdos: the Sibyl is priestess of Apollo, god of augury, and of Trivia or Hecate, goddess of the shades.

38. intacto, untouched by the yoke.

39. praestiterit (§ 311, a; G. 250; H. 485, N.1).

40. morantur, delay [to execute] the required rites.

42. antrum: there is now shown at Cuma, as the cave of the Sibyl, a series of passages cut in the rock (aditus centum). The real cave was destroyed by the Goths (A.D. 553) after a desperate defence against Narses. 43. aditus centum, apparently a hundred passages from the hall of the outer temple to the cave.

45. virgo: the Sibyl is already in the cavern. poscere, etc., it is time to seek the oracles from Apollo (§ 270, b; G. 429, R.3; H. 538). infinitive as the us

+failly as compa

し

47. unus, the same.

48. comptae, well ordered, though probably loose and flowing.mansere, remained unchanged.

49. videri, an infin. used for specification: a Greek construction, developed from the meaning of purpose (§ 273, ; G. 424, R., H. 533, ii. N.2).

"ady takis

шкое

wething

50. mortale (cognate accusative).quando (causal), for she is pe now inspired by the will of the deity.-iam propiore, nearer and nearer.

idin

51. cessas, do you hesitate? Supply ire.

52. neque enim ante, etc., for not before will the doors of the inspired abode fly open, i.e. not without vows and prayers.

53. fata (participle).

58. Aeacidae: Achilles was slain by the arrow of Paris, directed by Apollo. obeuntia, washing, governing terras.

60. Massylum, African (iv. 483). — praetenta which line: the fields are spread along the shore of the Syrtes.

61. prendimus, we have our grasp on the fleeting shores.

62. hac... tenus: often thus found separate, a relic of the usage before they grew together. - fuerit secuta (hortatory subj., § 266; G. 256, 3; H. 483, 2), thus far (and no farther) may the fortune of Troy have pursued us.

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64. quibus obstitit who were jealous of or offended by (strictly, "to whom it was a stumbling block ").

66. venturi (§ 293, b; G. 671; H. 549, 4).· - da considere, grant that the Trojans settle. non indebita fatis, due to my destinies: but fatis may be rendered either as dative or ablative.

69. templum: a temple of Apollo was built by Augustus on the Palatine, containing the statue of that god between those of Latona and Diana. 70. festos dies, the ludi Apollinares, established B.C. 212.

71. penetralia, shrine, referring to the reverence paid to the Sibylline books, kept in the care of an illustrious body of priests (lectos viros), the Quindecimviri sacris faciundis, and consulted in times of public emergency.

74. foliis ne manda, see iii. 445-452.

75. ventis (dative of reference).

77. Phoebi nondum patiens, not yet mastered by Phobus; the figure

is that of an impatient horse trying to throw his rider.

immanis, wildly.

78. bacchatur, ranges wildly. — si possit, to see if she can.

79. excussisse, for the tense see § 288, d, R.; G. 275; H. 537, N. 2). — fatigat, worries.

80. fingit premendo, trains her by control.

83. defuncte, escaped (having got through with). — periclis, see

84. terrae graviora, more dreadful perils of the land. Lavini, of Lavinium, their future kingdom.

86. non et venisse volent, they shall not be glad to have come, as well.

88. Simoïs, Xanthus: the former is held to stand for the Tiber, and the latter for the Numicius, where Æneas perished. non defuerint, shall not be wanting (§ 281, R.; G. 236, R.2; H. 473, 1). fr

89. alius Achilles, i.e. Turnus, the young king of the Rutuli, whose heroic struggle against Æneas makes the subject of the remaining books. -partus, sprung up (ready) in Latium.

90. et ipse, he too, as well as the other. - addita, assigned = devoted as an enemy.