In the Claibornian and Jacksonian groups of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas.

LVII. OCULINA Lamarck.

Composite corals generally in the form of branching stems with the calices spirally distributed over the stem, generally on crater

like elevations and separated by dense layers of coenenchyma. Septa in several cycles, the longer reaching the center which is occupied by a papillose columella surrounded by a cycle of vertical rods or pali. Tert.-Recent.

139. O. vicksburgensis (Conrad).

(Fig. 168.)

Oligocenic.

Branches 20 to 30 mm. in thickness. Circular calices separated by once or twice their diameters or more, shallow, but often with a prominent margin. Feeble flexous striæ radiate from the calices on the cœnenchyma. Diameter of adult calyx averaging 4 mm. In the Vicksburgian and Red Bluff beds of Mississippi.

140. O. mississippiensis (Conrad). (Fig. 169.) Oligocenic. Calices strongly projecting, crowded, with thin septa. Costal striæ faint or obsolete.

In the Vicksburgian group of Mississippi.

LVIII. ASTROHELIA E. & H.

Similar to Oculina, but with the calices merely excavated, rarely raised on crater-like elevations. Columella spongy. Tertiary.

Branching, often coalescing, or in palmate expansions. Calices circular, excavated, septa in three cycles, the first and second reaching the columella.

In the Choptank and Calvert formations of the Miocene of the Atlantic coast.

LIX. BALANOPHYLLIA Wood.

Columella

Simple conical corals with a broad base of fixation. Septa very numerous, closely crowded and partly fused together. spongy. Epitheca often present, structure porous. Recent.

142. B. desmophyllum E. & H. (Fig. 172.)

Eocenic

Eocenic.

Basal portions cylindrical, becoming conical upwards. Section elongate, elliptical with rather deep calyx. Septa thin, costæ fine. Epitheca rudimentary or absent.

In the Chickasawan and Claibornian beds of Alabama, Mississippi, Texas and in Maryland.

143. B. irrorata (Conrad). (Fig. 171.)

Eocenic.

Slender cylindro-conical, curved, cross-section elliptical, epitheca on basal portion.

In the Claibornian and Jacksonian beds of Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi. Varieties also found in Texas.

pointed and free. Septa of the last cycle stouter than the rest. Columella present or absent. Tert. Recent.

145. E. elaborata (Conrad).

(Fig. 174.)

Eocenic.

Conical with elliptical section; finely perforated, costæ trifurcating upwards. No epitheca. Spongy columella, and thin anastomosing septa; wall spongy.

In the Chickasawan beds of Maryland, Virginia and Alabama.

FIG. 172. Balanophyllia FIG. 173. Balanophyllia FIG. 174. Eupsammia

desmophylium.

haleana.
(After Vaughan.)

elaborata.

Corals with the general form of Flabellum, but with the porous

wall structure and septal arrangement of Eupsammia. Lateral wings often developed. A compressed spongy columella occurs. Tertiary. 146. E. maclurii (Lea). (Fig. 175.)

Eocenic.

Cuneate, with subparallel margins, sides and ends rounded.

FIG. 175. Endopachus maclurii (after Vaughan).

Lateral wings well developed. Columella narrow and elongate in long axis of corallum; very vesiculate.

In the Claibornian and Jacksonian beds of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas.

ABSTRACTS.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.

BY E. WALLER.

Cleansing Metal Apparatus. Deussen (Zts. Angew. Chem., XVIII., 813). The author finds that rusty and corroded apparatus, such as ringstands, Bunsen burners, etc., may be satisfactorily cleansed from rust, etc.. by use of a 2- to 5-per cent. solution of HF, which readily dissolves and loosens the rust. Greasy or fatty matter must of course be removed, The articles are soaked over night in the acid and then brushed or rubbed off. Acid of that strength readily removes iron stains from linen or cotton goods without affecting the strength of the fiber, and also is harmless on the skin of the hands.

Periodate as a Reagent. Benedict (Am. Chem. Jour., XXXIV., 581). One or two drops of a N/10 solution of potassium periodate (KIO1) added to a neutral or ammoniacal solution of Mn gives a red precipitate, or, if Mn is small, a red coloration. If neutral, the color persists. In presence of NH, it slowly blackens. NaOH blackens it almost immedia ely; HCl dissolves it. Per contra, Mn salt may be used as a test for periodates.

Zn is precipitated white by KIO4, except in presence of NH4Cl and NH4OH, in the cold. On boiling the precipitate forms.

With Ni salts KIO, gives a light green precipitate; the Co precipitate is dark brown and dissolves on boiling to a greenish-black solution. By this means o.1 per cent. Co can be detected in Ni solutions.

Ferrous Oxalate for Standardizing. Barbieri and Neppi (Rendiconti Soc. Chim. Rom., III., 16). This salt is claimed to be free from the various objectionable features of the other substances used for standardizing permanganate, etc. It is easily prepared by precipitating a ferrous salt with H2C2O4. The yellow crystalline precipitate does not oxidize in air and has the constant composition FeC2O4.2H2O. Dissolved in dilute H2SO4 in the cold it reacts with permanganate thus:

6KMnO4 + 10FeC2O4 + 24H2SO4

=

3K2SO4 + 6MnSO4 + 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 20 CO2 + 24H2O.

Ammonia in Waters. Cavalier and Artus (Bull. Soc. Chim., XXXIII, 745). The authors criticize adversely the method of Trillat and Forchet (vid. QUARTERLY, XXVI., 418) by means of hypochlorite and formation of NI. Most waters require concentration for the test, also the instability of the NI, renders a quantitative estimation difficult.

3

2

Sodium Modification of Fremy's Reagent. Bougault (J. Pharm. Chim. XXI., 437). Mix 10 c.c. of a 33.3 per cent. solution of K,CO, with 45 c.c. of a 10 volume solution of H2O, and to this add 1 gm. SbCl Warm gently with a little agitation when the precipitate gradually redissolves, with effervescence of O. After 5 or 10 minutes heating, cool and filter. The solution to be tested must be small in bulk, neutral or alkaline