has not had at least 5 hours of flight time at night, including at least 10 takeoffs and 10 landings as pilot in command and as the only manipulator of the controls, his pilot certificate will be endorsed as follows: Holder does not meet the night flight requirements of ICAO. Whenever he presents satisfactory written evidence that he has met this ICAO requirement, he is entitled to a new certificate without the endorsement. (Sec. 602, 72 Stat. 776, 49 U.S.C. 1422) [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7963, Aug. 10, 1962, Oct. 25, 1962; Amdt. 61-29, 32 F.R. 4493, Mar. 24, 1967] § 61.117 Airplane rating: Aeronautical skill. (a) Practical test. An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate (airplane) must pass a practical test on the procedures and maneuvers listed in paragraph (b) of this section. The test is given in four phases, an oral operational test, basic techniques, precision maneuvers, and cross-country flight. The (b) Procedures and maneuvers. applicant must perform the following procedures and maneuvers competently: (1) Phase I-oral operational test: (i) Airplane registration, airworthiness, and equipment documents. (ii) Airplane logbooks and airworthiness inspection reports. (iii) Airplane performance, range, and operation. (iv) Airplane loading, including fuel, oil, and baggage capacities. (v) Airplane line check. (vi) Use of radio for voice communication. (2) Phase II-basic techniques: (i) Preflight operations. (ii) Taxiing. (iii) Takeoffs and landings including(a) A slip to a landing, if a three-control airplane is used; (b) Crosswind takeoff and landing; (c) Short field takeoff and power approach and landing; (d) Soft field takeoff and landing; (e) Wheel landings in a tailwheeltype airplane, or stall lands in a tricycle-type airplane; and (f) Three accuracy landings within 200 feet beyond a designated mark (which may be integrated with any three of the landings required by (a) through (e) of this subdivision). (iv) Airport traffic patterns. (v) Forced landings (single-engine only) and simulated emergencies. (vi) Emergency operation of airplane equipment. (vii) Engine-out emergencies, if a multiengine airplane is used, including— (a) Engine-out minimum control speed demonstration; (b) Use of engine-out best rate-ofclimb speed; (c) Maneuvering with one engine out (feathered if possible, otherwise cut off and windmilling); (d) Effect on engine-out performance of failure to feather, extension of gear and flaps, and various combinations of these; and (e) Approach and landing with one engine set to zero thrust, or the drag of a feathered propeller, as applicable. (3) Phase III-precision maneuvers: (i) Gliding spirals about a point on the ground. (ii) Three consecutive shallow onpylon eights. (iii) Three consecutive steep on-pylon eights. (iv) One right and one left 720° steep power turn. (v) Lazy eights. (vi) Chandelles. (vii) Maneuvering at minimum controllable airspeed. (viii) Stalls from all normally anticipated flight attitudes with and without power. (4) Phase IV-cross-country flight. (iii) Cross-country flying emergencies. (iv) Use of radio aids to VFR navigation. (v) Two-way communications. (c) Instrument flight. In addition, during Phase IV of the practical test, the applicant must demonstrate in simulated instrument flight his ability to safely control an aircraft manually solely by reference to instruments, including the following: (1) Recovery from a well-developed power-on moderate turn spiral in a medium banked attitude. (2) Recovery from a high angle climb in a turn. (3) Standard rate turns of 180° and 360° duration to within ±10° and ±20°, respectively, of proper heading and ±150 feet of altitude. (4) Maximum safe performance climbing turns of 180° duration followed by continued straight climb to predetermined altitude requiring not less than one minute straight climb performed within 10 knots of airspeed and ±10° of proper heading. (5) Two consecutive descending 90° turns using normal approach power for reducing altitude performed within ±10° of proper heading and at completion of first 90° turn continue straight descent for 1 minute, then complete second 90° descending turn and continue straight descent for 12 minutes. (6) Straight and level flight performed within ±10° of proper heading, 100 feet of altitude and 10 knots of airspeed. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7964, Aug. 10, 1962] § 61.119 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience. (a) An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate (rotorcraft) must have at least 150 hours of flight time, including at least (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, including 50 hours in rotorcraft of which at least 15 hours were solo; (2) 100 hours as pilot in command, including 20 hours of cross-country; and (3) 10 hours of flight instruction, from an appropriately rated flight instructor, in rotorcraft in procedures and maneuvers required for the commercial pilot flight test. (b) A commercial pilot certificate (rotorcraft) issued under this part to a pilot who either does not have at least 200 hours of flight time or has not graduated from an approved commercial rotorcraft pilot training course, will be endorsed as follows: Holder does not meet the flight time requirements of ICAO. Whenever he presents satisfactory written evidence that he has met this ICAO requirement, he is entitled to a new certificate without the endorsement. (Sec. 602, 72 Stat. 776, 49 U.S.C. 1422) [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7964, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-1, 27 F.R. 10410, Oct. 25, 1962; Amdt. 61-29, 32 F.R. 4493, Mar. 24, 1967] § 61.121 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical skill. (a) An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate (rotorcraft) must pass the applicable practical test on the procedures and maneuvers listed in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section. The test for a helicopter class rating is given in two phases, basic techniques and precision maneuvers. The test for a gyroplane class rating is given in four phases, oral operational test, basic techniques, precision maneuvers, and cross-country. (b) The applicant for a helicopter class rating must perform the following procedures and maneuvers competently: (1) Phase I-basic techniques: (i) Preflight check and oral equipment test. (ii) Preflight operations. (iii Taxiing (if helicopter equipped to taxi on the surface). (iv) Normal takeoffs and landings. (v) Crosswind takeoffs and landings. (vi) High altitude takeoffs and rollon landings. (vii) Climbs and descents. (viii) Emergencies, including autorotative approaches (landing optional, as appropriate). (2) Phase II-precision maneuvers: (i) Hovering upwind, downwind, and crosswind. (ii) Pattern fly with constant and with changing headings. (iii) Hovering turns-180° and 360°, right and left. (iv) S turns. (v) Turns with medium banks. (vi) Rapid decelerations stops). (quick (c) The applicant for a gyroplane class rating must perform the following procedures and maneuvers competently: (1) Phase I-oral operational test: (i) Gyroplane registration, airworthiness, and equipment documents. (ii) Gyroplane logbooks and airworthiness inspection records. (iii) Gyroplane performance, range, and operation (from Gyroplane Flight Manual). (iv) Gyroplane loading, including fuel, oil, and baggage capacities. (v) Gyroplane line check. (vi) Use of radio for voice communication (may be simulated when necessary). (2) Phase II-basic techniques: (ii) Taxiing or sailing and docking. (iii) At least three takeoffs with three accuracy landings beyond and within 100 feet of a mark, including: (a) Crosswind takeoff and landing. (b) Short field takeoff and power approach and landing. (c) Soft field takeoff and landing (jump takeoff, if the gyroplane has this capability). (iv) Roll-on landing and full flare landing. (v) Airport traffic patterns. (vi) Forced landings (single-engine only) and simulated emergencies. (vii) Emergency operation of gyroplane equipment. (3) Phase III-precision maneuvers: (i) Gliding spirals about a point on the ground. (ii) One right and one left 720° steep power turn (bank not more than 45° at steepest point). (iii) Entry and recovery from high rates of descent with and without power (recovery to be completed not lower than 300 feet above the surface). (iv) Maneuvering at minimum level flight airspeed. (4) Phase IV-cross-country flight: (iii) Cross-country emergencies (lost, weather, overheating engine, power failure, etc.). (iv) Use of radio aids to VFR navigation. (Sec. 602 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958; 72 Stat. 776; 49 U.S.C. 1422) [Amdt. 61-3, 28 F.R. 3716, Apr. 17, 1963] § 61.123 Glider rating: Aeronautical experience. An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate (glider) must have at least 25 hours of flight time, including at least (a) 20 hours of flight time in gliders; (b) 2 hours of flight instruction (from an appropriately rated flight instructor or a commercial glider pilot) in procedures and maneuvers required for the commercial pilot flight test; (c) 100 flights in gliders as pilot in command; and (d) 25 glider flights each of which includes a 360° turn. (Sec. 602, 72 Stat. 776, 49 U.S.C. 1422) [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7964, Aug. 10, 1962; as amended by Amdt. 61-29, 32 F.R. 4493, Mar. 24, 1967] § 61.125 Glider rating: Aeronautical skill. (a) General. An applicant for commercial pilot certificate (glider) must pass a practical test on the procedures and maneuvers listed in paragraph (b) of this section. The test is given in two phases, basic techniques and special maneuvers. (b) Procedures and maneuvers. The applicant must perform the following procedures and maneuvers competently: (1) Phase I-basic techniques: (i) Preflight check and oral equipment test. (ii) Preflight operations. (iii) Auto, pulley, or winch tow. (iv) Airplane tow; above, below, and to one side of slipstream. (v) 180° approaches to landings in the direction of the prescribed traffic pattern flow, landing within 100 feet beyond a designated line or mark. (2) Phase II-special maneuvers: (1) Three-turn spirals, right and left, with bank at least 45°. (ii) Stalls and slow flight (must be demonstrated in a glider). [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, Aug. 10, 1962] § 61.127 Lighter-than-air rating (airship class): Aeronautical experience. An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate (lighter-than-air, airship class) must have at least 200 hours of flight time at the controls of an airship including (a) At least 5 hours within the 60 days before the date he applies; (b) At least 50 hours as pilot in command; (c) At least 10 hours of cross-country; (d) At least 10 hours at night; (e) At least 20 hours of instrument instruction and practice in flight, including, when approved by the Administrator, not more than 10 hours of instruction and practice under simulated conditions not in flight; and (f) In place of not more than 50 hours of the 200-hour total flight requirement, an equal or greater amount of flight time as a crewmember, upon approval by the Administrator. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-14, 30 F.R. 2926, Mar. 6, 1965] § 61.128 Lighter-than-air (free balloon class) rating: aeronautical experi ence. An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate (lighter-than-air, free balloon class), other than a free balloon class rating limited to hot air balloons, must have made at least eight ascents averaging two hours in duration, substantiated by a logbook, including six ascents under the supervision of a holder of a pilot certificate with a lighter-thanair category rating, one ascent in control to an altitude of 10,000 feet under that supervision, and one solo ascent. [Amdt. 61-14, 30 F.R. 2926, Mar. 6, 1965] § 61.129 Lighter-than-air rating (airship class): Aeronautical and radio skills. (a) An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate (lighter-than-air, airship class) must (1) Exercise reasonable judgment in performing flight maneuvers by complying with §§ 91.1 through 91.9 and Subpart B of Part 91 of this chapter, avoiding critical situations that require corrective action by the person giving the test to maintain safe operations, and observing accepted good operating practices for flight conditions encountered; and (2) Pass a flight test on the following maneuvers: (i) Ground handling and mooring. (ii) Preflight check. (iii) Runups. (iv) Takeoffs. (v) Ascents. (vi) Turns (right and left) and figure eights. (vii) Precision turns (180° and 360°). (viii) Straight and level flight. (ix) Climbing turns. (x) Diving turns. (xi) Descents. (xii) In-flight ETA computations. (xv) Beam bracketing and tracking. (xvii) Traffic control and approach procedure. (xviii) Landings (positive and negative static balance). (b) In performing the maneuvers required by paragraph (a) (2) of this section that involve radio skills, the applicant need not follow final approach procedures for airplanes. He may elect to consider his initial approach as a final approach and go directly to the airport, if that procedure does not require more may make his orientation and approach than 90° of turn over the station. He using either LF or VHF range facilities. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-14, 30 F.R. 2926, Mar. 6, 1965] § 61.130 Lighter-than-air rating (free balloon class): aeronautical skill. (a) An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate (lighter-than-air, free balloon class) must successfully perform the following maneuvers: (1) Ground handling and mooring. (3) Takeoffs. (4) Ascents. (5) Descents. (6) Landings (positive static balance) (7) Show his ability to satisfactorily pilot and maneuver a free balloon in solo flight. (b) The applicant must show his ability to exercise reasonable judgment in the flight maneuvers required by paragraph (a) of this section by complying with Part 91 of this chapter, avoiding critical situations, and observing accepted good operating practices for the flight conditions encountered. [Amdt. 61-14, 30 F.R. 2926, Mar. 6, 1965] § 61.131 General privileges and limita tions. (a) Subject to § 61.16 and paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, a commercial pilot may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire, and may, for compensation or hire act as pilot in command of an aircraft. (b) A commercial pilot (lighter-thanair; airship class) may give flight instruction in aircraft of the airship or free balloon class. (c) A commercial pilot (lighter-thanair; free balloon class only) may act as pilot in command of, and give flight instruction in, a free balloon only. (49 U.S.C. 1354, 1431, 1422) [Amdt. 61-20, 30 F.R. 11905, Sept. 17, 1965] Subpart E-Airline Transport Pilots AUTHORITY: The provisions of this Subpart E issued under secs. 313 (a), 314, 601, and 607 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958; 49 U.S.C. 1354 (a), 1355, 1421, and 1427, unless otherwise noted. SOURCE: The provisions of this Subpart E contained in Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, unless otherwise noted. § 61.141 Eligibility requirements: General. To be eligible for an airline transport pilot certificate, a person must— (a) Be at least 23 years of age; (c) Be able to read, write, and understand the English language and speak it without accent or impediment of speech that would interfere with two-way radio conversation; (d) Be a high school graduate, or its equivalent in the Administrator's opinion, based on the applicant's general experience and aeronautical experience, knowledge, and skill; (e) Have a first-class medical certificate issued under Part 67 of this chapter within the 6 months before the date he applies; and (f) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the rating he seeks. § 61.143 Airplane rating: aeronautical knowledge. An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane rating must, after meeting the requirements of §§ 61.141 (except paragraph (a) thereof) and 61.145, pass a written test on (a) The sections of this part relating to airline transport pilots and Part 121, Subpart C of Part 65, and §§ 91.1 through 91.9 and Subpart B of Part 91 of this chapter, and so much of Parts 21 and 25 of this chapter as relate to the operations of air carrier aircraft; (b) The fundamentals of air navigation and use of formulas, instruments, and other navigational aids, both in aircraft and on the ground, that are necessary for navigating aircraft by instruments; (c) The general system of weather collection and dissemination; (d) Weather maps, weather forecasting, and weather sequence abbreviations, symbols, and nomenclature; (e) Elementary meteorology, including knowledge of cyclones as associated with fronts; (f) Cloud forms; (g) Department of Commerce Weather Bureau Circular N, "Manual of Surface Observations", as amended; (h) Weather conditions, including icing conditions and upper-air winds, that affect aeronautical activities; (i) Air navigation facilities used on Federal airways, including rotating beacons, course lights, radio ranges, and radio marker beacons; - (j) Information from airplane weather observations and meteorological data reported from observations made by pilots on air carrier flights; (k) The influence of terrain on meteorological conditions and developments, and their relation to air carrier flight operations; (1) Radio communication procedure in aircraft operations; and (m) Basic principles of loading and weight distribution and their effect on flight characteristics. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-11, 29 F.R. 14916, Nov. 4, 1964; Amdt. 61-30, 32 F.R. 5770, Apr. 11, 1967] § 61.145 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience. (a) An application for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane rating must hold a commercial pilot certificate or a foreign airline transport pilot or commercial pilot license without limitations, issued by a member state of ICAO, or he must be a pilot in an Armed Force of the United States whose military experience qualifies him for a commercial pilot certificate under § 61.31. (b) An applicant must have had (1) At least 250 hours of flight time as pilot in command, or as copilot performing the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof, at least 100 hours of which were cross-country time and 25 hours of which were night flight time; and (2) At least 1200 hours of flight time as a pilot within the 8 years before the date he applies, including at least (i) 5 hours within the 60 days before the date he applies; (ii) 500 hours of cross-country flight time; (iii) 100 hours of night flight time; and (iv) 75 hours of actual or simulated instrument time, at least 50 hours of which were in actual flight. Flight time used to meet the requirements of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph may also be used to meet the requirements of subparagraph (2) of this paragraph. (c) If an applicant with less than 250 hours of pilot-in-command time otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, has certificate will be endorsed "Holder does not meet the pilot-in-command flight experience requirement of ICAO", as prescribed by article 39 of the "Convention on International Civil Aviation." When |