share of learning and poctical abilities, and was difference, and afterwards fled from Vienna; long a favourite in the literary world. His he was reduced to beg his bread, and died in translations of Phalaris, Sophocles, and Luci-1493.

an, equally evince his learning and his genius. FREDERIC I., king of Denmark, distinguishHis dramatic compositions, are well known,ed himself by his wisdom, prudence, and by the and deservedly esteemed; he was born in Lon-utility of his public measures, particularly in indon, about 1720, and died in 1784. structing Lutheranism among his subjects; he died in 1533.

FRANKS, Sebastian, a landscape painter, of Antwerp, born in 1573.

FRANKS, John Baptist, son of the preceding, was a successful imitator of the manner of Vandyck and Rubens; he was born in 1600.

FREDERIC II., king of Denmark, was the patron of literature and of learned men; and the liberal protector of Tycho Brahe; he died in 1588.

FRANS FLORIS, an eminent painter, born FREDERIC III., archbishop of Bremen, sucat Antwerp, in 1520. He grew rich and famous, ceeded his father, Christian IV., as king of Denhis performances being good and numerous;mark, and improved the condition of his peabut was greatly addicted to drinking, and died ple, by making them more independent of the at 50 years of age. He was called the Raphaei nobles, and by making the crown hereditary; of Flanders. he died in 1670.

FRANTZIUS, Wolfgang, a German divine, FREDERIC IV., king of Denmark, was enand professor of divinity at Wittemburgh, diedaged in war with Charles XII., of Sweden, and in 1620. lost some part of his territories, which he afterFRASSON, Claude, a French-monk, was awards recovered; he died in 1730. doctor of the Sorbonne, and professor of theology at Paris, also superior of the Franciscan convent there; he died in 1711.

FRATELLINI, Giovanna, a female painter, of Florence, patronised by the archduchess Vic' toria; she died in 1731.

FRATELLINI, Lorenzo Maria, son of the preceding, eminent as a historical and landscape painter, died in 1729.

FREDERICK V., grandson of the preceding, reigned on the throne of Denmark from 1746 to 1766. He was succeeded by his son, Christian VII.

FREDERIC AUGUSTUS I., king of Poland, and elector of Saxony, recommended himself to the Poles, by his valour against the Turks, and was elected their king in 1696. He was beaten by Charles XII., and stripped of his dominions, FRAUNCE, Abraham, a poet, who was edu-which he afterwards recovered and maintained cated at the expense of sir Philip Sidney, in Cambridge; after which he was called to the bar. He wrote, amongst other things, "The Countess of Pembroke's Ivy Church and Em- FREDERIC AUGUSTUS II., succeeded his anuel," in 1591; and a "Translation of He-father on the throne of Poland, in 1734. The liodorus' Ethiopics." last of his reign was disturbed by a war with FRAUWENLOB, Henry, a German writer, the king of Prussia, who invaded his kingdom, died in 1317. and reduced him to unconditional submission.

till his death, in 1733. He was the patron of literature, and his court was for a long time one of the most brilliant in Europe.

FREDEGARIUS, the earliest French histo-He died in 1763. rian, after Gregory of Tours; his chronicle, in FREDERIC, prince of Hesse Cassel, married barbarous language, extends to the year 641. a sister of Charles XII., of Sweden, and obtainFREDEGONDE, wife of Chilperic, king ofed possession of the Swedish throne in 1720. France, was born of obscure parents, but, by her He died in 1757.

beauty and art, raised herself to the throne; FREDERIC WILLIAM, elector of Brandenshe poisoned all around her whom she consider-burg, distinguished himself by his war with Poed enemies or rivals, and, finally, the king him-land, and afterwards with Lewis XIV. After self; she died in 597.

FREDERIC I., surnamed Barbarossa, duke of Swabia, succeeded his uncle, Conrad III., as emperor of Germany, and was crowned in Italy by Adrian IV. A part of his reign was disturbed by quarrels and wars with the popes, who, after a reconciliation, persuaded him to undertake a crusade against Saladin. He died during the expedition, in 1190, after having gained several victories over the Turks and Greeks. His son Frederic, duke of Swabia, who attended him, and displayed great valour in the Holy Land, also died there.

repelling the Swedes, who had invaded his dominions, he devoted his attention to the commerce of his people, and to internal improve||ments. He died in 1688.

FREDERIC I., elector of Brandenburg, son of the preceding, was ambitious of raising his duchy into a kingdom, and joined Leopold, emperor of Germany, in a war against several states, to accomplish the object; he died in 1713.

FREDERIC WILLIAM I., king of Prussia, son of the preceding, succeeded his father, in 1713. He began his reign by a strict reform in the expenditures of his kingdom, by encourageFREDERIC II., grandson of the preceding,ing commerce and industry, and by inviting and son of Henry VI., was born in 1194, and foreign artisans to settle in his dominions; at elected king of the Romans, two years after. the same time he provided for his security by In 1210, he was elected emperor of Germany.creating an army of 60,000 men. He died in He died in 1250, aged 57. 1740.

FREDERIC III., surnamed the Fair, son of FREDERIC II., son of the preceding, ascendAlbert of Austria, was the rival of Lewis of Ba-led the throne in 1740. He was distinguished by varia, in a contest for the imperial throne. He the appellation of "the Great," to which his was defeated by him at the battle of Michael-superior talents and conspicuous achievements dorff, and taken prisoner; he died in 1330. gave him a just claim. During his reign, he FREDERIC IV., surnamed the Pacific, cm-was engaged in war with almost every potenperor of Germany, was the last of the German tate of Europe; and, in most instances successprinces, who submitted to coronation at Rome. fully. At the same time, he was solicitous for He was a weak, indolent, and superstitious the welfare of his subjects, and devoted a part rince, who saw his subjects revolt, with in-llof every day to a redress of their grievances

He encouraged commerce and the arts, invited great favourite of John IV., of Portugal; he literary men from all parts of Europe to his died in 1657. court, administered justice impartially, and re- FRELINGHUYSEN, Theodorus Jacobus, lieved the unfortunate and distressed, wherever minister of the Reformed Dutch Church, at Rato be found. In the midst of all his cares, heriton, New-Jersey; was an able and successful found time to devote to literary pursuits, and preacher. was himself a philosopher and an author, but of infidel principles; he died in 1786, aged 75. FREDERIC, surnamed the Wise, elector of FREMONT D'ABLANCOURT, Nicholas, a Saxony, was the friend of the emperor Maximi-native of France, who fled to Holland, at the lian, and might have succeeded him had he not revocation of the edict of Nantes, and was his declined. He was the firm and zealous friend toriographer to the prince of Orange; he died of Luther, and the reformation, and died inin 1693 1526.

FREDERIC V., elector of Palatine, married a daughter of James I., of England. He was elected king of Bohemia by the protestants, but opposed and defeated by Ferdinand, of Austria. The death of Gustavus, who had promised to assist him, put an end to his hopes, and he died a month afterwards, in 1632.

FREMINET, Martin, an eminent French painter, died in 1619.

FRENICLE DE BESSY, Bernard, a mathe matician, and author of a treatise on right-angled triangles, and other works; he died in 1675. FRERES, Theodore, a painter, born in 1643, at Enkhuysen; the best of his pieces are pre served in Amsterdam.

FRERET, Nicolas, of Paris, a historian and chronologist, and opposer of Sir Isaac Newton's FREDERIC, Colonel, son of the unfortunate system of chronology, born at Paris, in 1668, Theodore, king of Corsica, was engaged in the died 1749. He was a complete sceptic; and Vol service of the elector of Wirtemberg, who ho-taire, for the worst of purposes, revised two of noured him with his friendship. He went to his works: viz. "The Letters of Thrasybulus England as agent of the elector, and there com-to Leucippus," and " Examination of the Apo mitted suicide, in 1796. logists for Christianity."

FREEKE, William, born in 1664. He wrote, FRERON, Elie Catherine, a French crinc among other things, "A Dialogue by way of and journalist of considerable talents,and known question and answer, concerning the Deity," as having been the constant object of the satire and "A brief and clear confutation of the Doc-of Voltaire, was born at Quimper, in 1719, and trine of the Trinity:" which two pieces being died in 1776. His" Letters on certain writings laid before the house of commons, were voted of the Times," he began in 1749, and published to be burnt, as containing much blasphemy, and 13 volumes. In 1754, he began his Annee accordingly were so; the author being after-Literaire," of which he published 7 volumes wards fined 5001., and obliged to give security that year, and eight every year after, ull his for his good behaviour for three years, and to death; and in that work, Freron, as a zealous make a recantation in the four courts in West-enemy of the modern philosophy, attacked Volminster-hall.

FREIGIUS, John Thomas, a learned German, employed as a teacher, at Friburg, and at Basil, was afterwards chosen rector of the college of Altorf. He died in 1583.

taire with spirit. He represented him as a skil ful plagiary; as a poet, brilliant, but inferior to Corneille, Racine, and Boileau; as an elegant, but inaccurate historian; and rather the tyrant than the king of literature.

FRESNAYE, John Vauguelin de la, an early French poet, king's advocate for Caen, and pre sident of that city; he died in 1606.

FRESNE, Charles du Cange du, a learned Frenchman, born at Amiens, in 1610, died 108 His best works are a "Latin and Greck Glossa ry," the "History of Constantinople under the French Emperors," &c.

FRESNOY, Charles Alphonso du, an excellent French poet and painter, born at Paris, in 1611. After his death, his poem, "De Arte FREIND. John, an English physician, and Graphica," was printed with a prose transla elegant writer, born in 1675, died 1728. The tion and notes, by De Piles, and dedicated to most elaborate of his numerous works is "The Colbert. It was afterwards translated into En History of Physic, from the time of Galen toglish, by Dryden, who prefixed to it an original the beginning of the 16th century, chiefly with Preface, containing a parallel between paint regard to practice," and this is justly deemed a ling and poetry." This poem will keep his name masterly performance, both for use and ele-alive as long as either poetry or painting shall

gance.

FREIND, Robert, brother to the physician, and head master of Westminster school, born in 1667; he published an edition of Cicero's "Orator," and died in 1751.

find any esteem. A later version of Du Fres noy has been made by Mr. Mason, and enriched with notes by Sir Joshua Reynolds.

FRESNY, Charles Riviere du, a French poet born at Paris, in 1648. He had a good natural FREINSHEMIUS, John, a most ingenious taste for music, painting, sculpture, architec and learned man, born at Ulm, in Swabia, inture, and all the fine arts. He had also a taste 1608. He is said to have understood almost all for laying out gardens, which procured him the the European languages, besides Latin, Greek, place of overseer of the king's gardens, whose and Hebrew. He was professor of eloquence, valet de chambre he likewise was. He died in at Upsal, librarian and historiographer to Chris- 1724; and in 1731, his works were collected and tina, of Sweden. and afterwards professor at printed in 6 vols., consisting of "dramatic per Heidleberg, where he died in 1660. formances, songs, amusements serious and co FREIRE DE ANDRADE, Hyacinthe, a Por-mical," &c. tuguese, abbot of St. Mary de Chans, and a FRETEAU DE ST. JUST, Emmanuel Marle

chael Philip, a French nobleman, who, from FROILA II., king of Spain, in 923, died of a satisfaction with the court, embraced the po-leprosy. ar party, at the revolution; but was connned by Robespierre, and exccuted in 1793. FREWEN, Accepted, an English prelate, icated at Magdalen college, Oxford, of which became president, afterwards chaplain to arles I., dean of Gloucester, bishop of Litchd and Coventry, and archbishop of York; died in 1664.

FROISSARD, or FROISSART, John, born at Valenciennes, about 1337. His chief work is a history, which comprises what happened in France, Spain, and England, from 1326 to 1400. He was also a poet, as well as a historian. He died in 1402. His history was translated recently by Mr. Johnes, of Havod, Wales.

FROMAGE, Peter, a superior of the jesuits,

FREY, John Cecil, an eminent German phy-who died in Syria, in 1740. ian, died in 1631.

FREYTAG, Frederic Gottlehb, a burgomasof Nuremberg, known as a writer, died in

16.

FREZIER, Amadee Francis, a Frenchman, 10 travelled through Chili and Peru, an account which he published; he died in 1772. FRIART, Rowland, an eminent architect, of 17th century.

FRICHE, or FRISCHE, James de, a Benetine, who wrote the life of St. Augustine, d died in 1693.

FRONTEAU, John, a native of Angers, chancellor of Paris university, and afterwards prior of Benay, in Angiers; he died in 1662.

FRONTENAC, Louis count, governor-general of Canada, whose exertions conduced to the protection and property of Canada; he died in

1698.

FRONTINUS, Sextus Julius, a Roman writer, in high repute under Vespasian, Titus, Domi tian, Nerva, and Trajan. Nerva made him curator of the aqueducts, which occasioned him to write his treatise "De Aquæductibus Urbis FRISBIE, Levi, minister of Ipswick, Mass., Romæ." He wrote also, "Tres Libros Stratatinguished as a very faithful and successful gematum," or, concerning the stratagems used eacher; he published some sermons, and in war by the most eminent Greek and Roman ed in 1806. commanders; and afterwards added a fourth FRISBIE, Levi, professor of the Latin lan-containing examples of those arts and maxims age, and afterwards of moral philosophy, discoursed of in the former. These two works Harvard college, Mass., was distinguished are still extant. his talents and learning; he died in 1822. FRISCH, John Leonard, distinguished as the under of the silk manufacturies of Brandenrg, and as the first encourager of the cultivan of the mulberry tree in Prussia; he died

1743.
FRISCHLIN, Nicodemus, a learned Ger-
an, professor at Tubingen, known as a dra-
atic writer, and as a translator; he died in

90.

FRISCHMUTH, John, rector of the universiof Jena, died in 1687.

FRISIUS, John, principal of the college at
rich, into which he introduced the study of
e Hebrew and other oriental languages; he
ed in 1565. His three sons were professors at
urich.

FRITH, John. See FRYTH.
FRIZON, Peter, master of tire jesuit's college,
Navarre,and author of a history of the French
rdinals, &c., died in 1651.

FROBÉNIUS, John, an eminent and learned
erman printer. He was the first of the Ger-
ans who brought the art to any perfection;
d the great character of this printer was the
incipal motive which led Erasmus to fix iis
larters at Basil, in order to have his own
orks printed by him. He died at Basil, in
27, lamented by all, but by none more than
rasmus,
who wrote his epitaph in Greek and

atin.

FROBISHER, Sir Martin, an eminent navi-
itor, and the first Englishman that attempted
find out a north-west passage to China. He
as born in Yorkshire, and was killed in battle
1594.

FROELICH, Erasmus, a jesuit, eminent for
is knowledge of mathematics and medallic his-
ry, died in 1758.
FROIDMONT, Libert, a native of Liege, dean
f St. Peters, and professor of philosophy, at
ouvain, died in 1653.

FROILA I., king of Spain, is known for a
ictory gained over the Saracens, in 760. He
aused his brother to be murdered, and was him-
elf killed by another brother, in 768.

FRONTO, Marcus Cornelius, a Roman orator, preceptor to Vereius and M. Aurelius.

FROWDE,Philip, author of several pieces of poetry, some of which in Latin were pure and elegant enough to entitle them to a place in the Muse Anglicana. He likewise wrote two tragedies, "The Fall of Saguntum," and " Philotas." He died in 1738.

FRUGONI, Charles Innocent, an Italian poet, born at Genoa, died in 1768.

FRUMENTIUS, a Romish saint, consecrated bishop of the Ethiopians, by Athanasius, died in 360.

FRYE,Thomas, a painter, who acquired some eminence in London, where he died, in 1762.

He

FRYTH, John, an English martyr, who was converted to Lutheranism, at Oxford. preached his doctrines so boldly, that he was sent to the Tower, and, on his refusing to recant, was burnt at Smithfield, in 1533.

FUCHSIUS, or FUCHS, Leonard, an eminent physician and botanist, of Munich and Ingoldstadt, died in 1566.

FUESSLI, John Gaspard, an eminent artist of Zurich, author of the history of the artists of Switzerland, died in 1782.

FUGGER, Huldric, born at Augsburgh, in 1526, was eminent for his affection to learning and learned men. He laid out great sums in purchasing good manuscripts of ancient authors, and getting them printed; and for this purpose, he allowed for some time a salary to the famous Henry Stephens. His relations were so incensed at him for the moneys he expended in this way, that they brought an action against him for it, and got him to be declared incapable He died in 1584, havof managing his affairs ing bequeathed his library to the elector Palatine, and a fund for the maintenance of six scholars.

FULBERT, an Italian, who acquired great celebrity as a preacher in France, and was made bishop of Chartres; he died in 1028.

FULDA, Charles Frederic, a native of Swabia, eminent as a Lutheran divine, and as a mechanic; he died in 1788.

7etus, prepared himself for those great discove-Fro ries in science which have since associated and lús name with that of Newton, and for those yea political reflections which have placed him by of I the side of a Solon and a Lycurgus. Soon vent after his removal from Boston to Philadelphia, ral Franklin, in concert with some other young men, gran established a small club; where every member, the after his work was over, and on holidays, brought tion his stock of ideas, which were submitted to dis-majo cussion. This society of which the young print-mate er was the soul, has been the source of every ough useful establishment in Penusylvania calculated count to promote the progress of science, the mechani-ous; cal arts, and particularly the improvement of As an the hunian understanding. Higher employ-length inents, however, at length called him from his or sho country, which he was destined to serve more humou effectually as its agent in England, whither he and mi was sent in 1757. The stamp act, by which the rank o British minister wished to familiarize the Amer-study, icans to pay taxes to the mother-country, re-quence vived that love of liberty which had led their reducin forefathers to a country at that time a desert; and so and the colonies formed a congress, the first idea simple of which had been communicated to them by new va Franklin, at the conferences at Albany, in 1754. their au The war that was just terminated, and the lin, his exertions made by them to support it, had given been di them a conviction of their strength; they op-object th posed this measure, and the minister gave way, his hear but reserved the means of renewing his attempts. his fami Once cautioned, however, they remained on ficent. their guard; liberty, cherished by their alarms, fluent; took deep root; and the rapid circulation of forming ideas by means of newspapers, for the intro-patient duction of which they were indebted to the custom printer of Philadelphia, united them together to lent som resist every fresh enterprise. In the year 1766, question this printer, called to the bar of the house of unlike so commons, underwent that famous interrogatory, where a which placed the name of Franklin as high in out inter politics, as it was before in natural philosophy. occupatio From that time he defended the cause of Amer-had some asing ica with a firmness and moderation becoming a closet; a at the le great man, pointing out to ministry all the errors discovere losopher y had committed, and the consequences they tinual so umber, fi induce, till the period when, the tax on quests a umpor aqui meeting the same opposition as the stamp- and indiv Toobpendosom done, England blindly fancied herself ing epita se of subjecting by force 3,000,000 of men some yea Sus ned to be free, at a distance of 2000 tombston single 181 Every man is acquainted with the xt the leol ods flars of that war; but every man has not losopher odgoly reflected on the bold attempt of Franklin umber, idegislator. Having asserted their indepenimpor oge, and placed themselves in the rank of oobpeudjons, the different colonies, now the United the fates of America, adopted each its own form single 18overnment; and, retaining almost univer d the left ly their admiration for the British constitulosopherson, framed them from the same principles variumber, fusly modelled. Franklin alone, disengaging the olitical machine from those multiplied movements and admired counterpoises that rendered it so complicated, proposed the reducing it to po 1 the simplicity of a single legislative body. This grand idea startled the legislators of Pennsylvad the left wa: but the philosopher removed the fears of losopher imber,